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The inherent control switching of renewable energy sources (RESs) during intricate transient processes introduces complexity to the dynamic behavior of modern power systems. This paper reveals the dynamic coupling between grid-forming…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-02 Ruiyuan Zeng , Ruisheng Diao , Fangyuan Sun , Wangqianyun Tang , Junjie Li , Baorong Zhou

Grid-forming voltage-source converter (GFM-VSC) may experience low-frequency resonances, such as synchronous resonance (SR) and sub-synchronous resonance (SSR), in the output power. This paper offers a comprehensive study on the root causes…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-23 Fangzhou Zhao , Tianhua Zhu , Zejie Li , Xiongfei Wang

Grid-connected power converters encounter significant stability challenges during weak grid faults, when conventional PI-based controllers exhibit an oscillatory response and poor fault-ride-through performance. This paper addresses this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-19 Ivo Kraayeveld , Thomas de Jong , Mircea Lazar

Most previously proposed controllers are analyzed in the small-signal/quasi-steady regime rather than large-signal or transient stability for grid-forming inverters (GFMI). Additionally, methods that presume system-wide data--global…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-12 Qianxi Tang , Li Peng

Complex droop control, alternatively known as dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC), stands out for its unique capabilities in synchronization and voltage stabilization among existing control strategies for grid-forming converters.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-23 Roger Domingo-Enrich , Xiuqiang He , Verena Häberle , Florian Dörfler

Grid-forming voltage source converters (GFM-VSCs) are emerging as a solution for integrating renewable energy resources (RERs) into power systems. GFM-VSCs need a self-synchronisation strategy to ensure that all converters and generators in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-05 Regulo E. Avila-Martinez , Xavier Guillaud , Javier Renedo , Luis Rouco , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada , Lukas Sigrist

Grid-connected power converters are ubiquitous in modern power systems, acting as grid interfaces of renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, electric vehicles, high-voltage DC systems, etc. Conventionally, power converters use…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-14 Ruohan Leng , Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Ping Ju , Xiongfei Wang , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler

As inverter-based generation becomes more common in distribution networks, it is important to create models for use in optimization-based problems that accurately represent their non-linear behavior when saturated. This work presents models…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-08 Thabiso R. Mabote , Jose E. Tabarez , Arthur K. Barnes , Adam Mate , Russell W. Bent , Eduardo Cotilla-Sanchez

This paper proposes a nonlinear, adaptive controller to increase the stability margin of a direct-current (DC) small-scale electrical network containing a constant power load, whose value is unknown. Due to their negative incremental…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-09-14 Juan E. Machado , José Arocas-Pérez , Wei He , Romeo Ortega , Robert Griñó

In contrast to grid-following inverters, Virtual Synchronous Generators (VSGs) perform well under weak grid conditions but may become unstable when the grid is strong. Grid strength depends on grid impedance, which unfortunately varies over…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-08 Quang-Manh Hoang , Van Nam Nguyen , Taehyung Kim , Guilherme Vieira Hollweg , Wencong Su , Van-Hai Bui

High penetration of distributed generators (DG) in modern power grids creates angle, voltage, and frequency instabilities. Most of the work in the literature has focused on small-signal stability analysis of single grid-connected inverters…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-07 Ramkrishna Mishan

This paper introduces a new grid-forming control for power converters, termed hybrid angle control (HAC) that ensures the almost global closed-loop stability. HAC combines the recently proposed matching control with a novel nonlinear angle…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-19 Ali Tayyebi , Adolfo Anta , Florian Dörfler

An LCL filter offers superior attenuation for high-frequency harmonics for three-phase grid-following inverters compared to LC and L filters. However, it also introduces an inherent resonance peak, which can lead to power quality issues or…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-09 Naser Souri , Ali Mehrizi-Sani , Kambiz Tehrani

Grid-forming (GFM) inverters are expected in future inverter-dominated grids. In such grids, time-domain protection schemes, for example those based on instantaneous incremental quantities (IQs), are being advocated as potential solutions…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-14 Henrik Johansson , Qianli Xing , Nathaniel Taylor , Xiongfei Wang

In high-penetration renewable power systems with complex and highly variable operating scenarios, grid-connected inverters (GCIs) may transition between different control modes to adapt to diverse grid conditions. Among these, the switching…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-23 Qiping Lai , Yi Shen , Chen Shen

This paper presents the development of "Control-Sync," a novel firmware for universal inverters in microgrids, designed to enhance grid stability and flexibility. As hybrid PV-battery systems become increasingly prevalent, there is a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-03 Fariba Fateh

The increasing share of converter based resources in power systems calls for scalable methods to analyse stability without relying on exhaustive system wide simulations. Decentralized small gain and small-phase criteria have recently been…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-15 Diego Cifelli , Adolfo Anta

Having sufficient grid-forming sources is one of the necessary conditions to guarantee the stability in a power system hosting a very large share of inverter-based generation. The grid-forming function has been historically fulfilled by…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-08 Dorsan Lepour , Mario Paolone , Guillaume Denis , Carmen Cardozo , Thibault Prevost , Emeline Guiu

HVDC-connected offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) are expected to provide inertial response and frequency containment reserve (FCR) to help address the frequency control challenges caused by the growing penetration of power electronics in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-21 Zhenghua Xu , Dominic Gross , George Alin Raducu , Hesam Khazraj , Nicolaos A. Cutululis

Voltage regulation under conventional grid-forming controllers is tightly coupled to power sharing and dc-link dynamics. Consequently, its tracking accuracy deteriorates during grid faults, sudden power sharing changes, or dc-bus voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-02 Qianxi Tang , Li Peng , Xuefeng Wang , Xinchen Yao