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Some basic facts that enable or constrain efforts to "flatten the curve" by non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) are summarized and placed in the current context of the COVID-19 epidemic. Analytical formulas are presented for a simple…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2020-04-14 Michael Nikolaou

Since the onset of the the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries across the world have implemented various non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to contain the spread of virus, as well as economic support policies (ESPs) to save their…

General Economics · Economics 2021-11-30 Siyuan Liu , Mehmet Orcun Yalcin , Hsuan Fu , Xiuyi Fan

To make informed health policy decisions regarding a treatment, we must consider both its cost and its clinical effectiveness. In past work, we introduced the net benefit separation (NBS) as a novel measure of cost-effectiveness. The NBS is…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-01-27 Nicholas Illenberger , Nandita Mitra , Andrew J. Spieker

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has overwhelmingly demonstrated the need to accurately evaluate the effects of implementing new or altering existing nonpharmaceutical interventions. Since these interventions applied at the societal level…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2021-01-27 Daniel K. Sewell , Aaron Miller

The COVID-19 pandemic constitutes one of the largest threats in recent decades to the health and economic welfare of populations globally. In this paper, we analyze different types of policy measures designed to fight the spread of the…

General Economics · Economics 2020-11-03 Philipp Bach , Victor Chernozhukov , Martin Spindler

Despite the progress in medical care, combined population-wide interventions (such as physical distancing, testing and contact tracing) are still crucial to manage the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, aggravated by the emergence of new highly…

Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPI) such as banning public events or instituting lockdowns have been widely applied around the world to control the current COVID-19 pandemic. Typically, this type of intervention is imposed when an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-11-03 Carla Castillo-Laborde , Taco de Wolff , Pedro Gajardo , Rodrigo Lecaros , Gerard Olivar , Hector Ramirez C

Countries around the world implement nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. Design of efficient NPIs requires identification of the structure of the disease transmission network. We here identify the key…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2021-05-18 Simon Syga , Diana David-Rus , Yannik Schälte , Michael Meyer-Hermann , Haralampos Hatzikirou , Andreas Deutsch

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential threat of future epidemics caused by novel viruses, we developed a flexible framework for modeling disease intervention effects. This tool is intended to aid decision makers at multiple…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Karleigh Pine , Razvan Veliche , Jared Bennett , Joel Klipfel

We combine infectious disease transmission and the non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) response to disease incidence into one closed model consisting of two coupled delay differential equations for the incidence rate and the…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2021-02-24 Kristoffer Rypdal

In order to slow the spread of the CoViD-19 pandemic, governments around the world have enacted a wide set of policies limiting the transmission of the disease. Initially, these focused on non-pharmaceutical interventions; more recently,…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2021-06-24 Janoś Gabler , Tobias Raabe , Klara Röhrl , Hans-Martin von Gaudecker

In the absence of drugs and vaccines, policymakers use non-pharmaceutical interventions such as social distancing to decrease rates of disease-causing contact, with the aim of reducing or delaying the epidemic peak. These measures carry…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2021-04-22 Dylan H. Morris , Fernando W. Rossine , Joshua B. Plotkin , Simon A. Levin

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced changes in production and especially in human interaction, with "social distancing" a standard prescription for slowing transmission of the disease. This paper examines the economic effects of social…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2021-06-18 Alfredo D. Garcia , Christopher A. Hartwell , Martín Andrés Szybisz

The waning of immunity after recovery or vaccination is a major factor accounting for the severity and prolonged duration of an array of epidemics, ranging from COVID-19 to diphtheria and pertussis. To study the effectiveness of different…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-02-01 Shoshana Elgart

This study investigates the influence of different types of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on epidemic progression using SIR compartmental models. We analyze the optimization of two distinct targets: the final epidemic size and the…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-10 Eric Rozán , Marcelo N Kuperman , Sebastián Bouzat

The COVID-19 pandemic has proved to be one of the most disruptive public health emergencies in recent memory. Among non-pharmaceutical interventions, social distancing and lockdown measures are some of the most common tools employed by…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2021-02-16 Carl Corcoran , John Michael Clark

Adherence to the non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) put in place to mitigate the spreading of infectious diseases is a multifaceted problem. Socio-demographic, socio-economic, and epidemiological factors can influence the perceived…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-02-25 Nicolò Gozzi , Niccolò Comini , Nicola Perra

With a two-layer contact-dispersion model and data in China, we analyze the cost-effectiveness of three types of antiepidemic measures for COVID-19: regular epidemiological control, local social interaction control, and inter-city travel…

Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as diagnostic testing and quarantine, are crucial for controlling infectious disease outbreaks but are often constrained by limited resources, particularly in early outbreak stages. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Xueqiao Peng , Andrew Perrault

Pandemics, notably the recent COVID-19 outbreak, have impacted both public health and the global economy. A profound understanding of disease progression and efficient response strategies is thus needed to prepare for potential future…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Gauri Gupta , Ritvik Kapila , Ayush Chopra , Ramesh Raskar