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The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a well-known NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem with wide-ranging applications in logistics, routing, and intelligent systems. Due to its factorial complexity, solving large-scale instances…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Rabab Alkhalifa , Fatima Alkhomayes , Boushra Almazroua , Dana Alhaidan , Maryam Alothman , Jumana Almuhaidib

Neural solvers have shown significant potential in solving the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), yet current approaches face significant challenges. Supervised learning (SL)-based solvers require large amounts of high-quality labeled data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Junrui Wen , Yifei Li , Bart Selman , Kun He

We propose UTSP, an unsupervised learning (UL) framework for solving the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP). We train a Graph Neural Network (GNN) using a surrogate loss. The GNN outputs a heat map representing the probability for each edge…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Yimeng Min , Yiwei Bai , Carla P. Gomes

While there are optimal TSP solvers, as well as recent learning-based approaches, the generalization of the TSP to the Multiple Traveling Salesmen Problem is much less studied. Here, we design a neural network solution that treats the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-18 Yoav Kaempfer , Lior Wolf

Opponent modeling methods typically involve two crucial steps: building a belief distribution over opponents' strategies, and exploiting this opponent model by playing a best response. However, existing approaches typically require…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Zun Li , Marc Lanctot , Kevin R. McKee , Luke Marris , Ian Gemp , Daniel Hennes , Paul Muller , Kate Larson , Yoram Bachrach , Michael P. Wellman

In this paper, we propose a new approach to train Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) where we deploy a double-oracle framework using the generator and discriminator oracles. GAN is essentially a two-player zero-sum game between the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Aye Phyu Phyu Aung , Xinrun Wang , Runsheng Yu , Bo An , Senthilnath Jayavelu , Xiaoli Li

In the new wave of artificial intelligence, deep learning is impacting various industries. As a closely related area, optimization algorithms greatly contribute to the development of deep learning. But the reverse applications are still…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-06 Zhengxuan Ling , Xinyu Tao , Yu Zhang , Xi Chen

We present a novel framework for {\epsilon}-optimally solving two-player zero-sum partially observable stochastic games (zs-POSGs). These games pose a major challenge due to the absence of a principled connection with dynamic programming…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Erwan Christian Escudie , Matthia Sabatelli , Olivier Buffet , Jilles Steeve Dibangoye

Zero-sum games such as chess and poker are, abstractly, functions that evaluate pairs of agents, for example labeling them `winner' and `loser'. If the game is approximately transitive, then self-play generates sequences of agents of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-14 David Balduzzi , Marta Garnelo , Yoram Bachrach , Wojciech M. Czarnecki , Julien Perolat , Max Jaderberg , Thore Graepel

This paper investigates the application of game-theoretic principles combined with advanced Kalman filtering techniques to enhance maritime target tracking systems. Specifically, the paper presents a two-player, imperfect information,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Daniel Leal , Ngoc Hung Nguyen , Alex Skvortsov , Sanjeev Arulampalam , Mahendra Piraveenan

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has proved to be a competitive heuristic for solving small-sized instances of traveling salesman problems (TSP), but its performance on larger-sized instances is insufficient. Since training on large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Wenbin Ouyang , Yisen Wang , Paul Weng , Shaochen Han

For NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, it is usually difficult to find high-quality solutions in polynomial time. The design of either an exact algorithm or an approximate algorithm for these problems often requires significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Kun Lei , Peng Guo , Yi Wang , Xiao Wu , Wenchao Zhao

Multiple-TSP, also abbreviated in the literature as mTSP, is an extension of the Traveling Salesman Problem that lies at the core of many variants of the Vehicle Routing problem of great practical importance. The current paper develops and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Vlad-Ioan Lupoaie , Ivona-Alexandra Chili , Mihaela Elena Breaban , Madalina Raschip

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a well-known combinatorial optimization problem that aims to find the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the starting point. This paper explores the application…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Kael Silva Araújo , Francisco Márcio Barboza

Policy space response oracles (PSRO) is a multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm that has achieved state-of-the-art performance in very large two-player zero-sum games. PSRO is based on the tabular double oracle (DO) method, an…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Stephen McAleer , Kevin Wang , John Lanier , Marc Lanctot , Pierre Baldi , Tuomas Sandholm , Roy Fox

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is among the most famous NP-hard optimization problems. We design for this problem a randomized polynomial-time algorithm that computes a (1+eps)-approximation to the optimal tour, for any fixed eps>0,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-09-09 Yair Bartal , Lee-Ad Gottlieb , Robert Krauthgamer

This paper proposes new, end-to-end deep reinforcement learning algorithms for learning two-player zero-sum Markov games. Different from prior efforts on training agents to beat a fixed set of opponents, our objective is to find the Nash…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Zihan Ding , Dijia Su , Qinghua Liu , Chi Jin

In this paper, we propose a new approach to train deep learning models using game theory concepts including Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and Adversarial Training (AT) where we deploy a double-oracle framework using best response…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Aye Phyu Phyu Aung , Xinrun Wang , Ruiyu Wang , Hau Chan , Bo An , Xiaoli Li , J. Senthilnath

The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is one of the most famous optimization problems. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) is one of metaheuristics that have been applied to TSP. The Crossover and mutation operators are two important elements of GA.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-04-13 Hassan Ismkhan , Kamran Zamanifar

Solving Nash equilibrium is the key challenge in normal-form games with large strategy spaces, where open-ended learning frameworks offer an efficient approach. In this work, we propose an innovative unified open-ended learning framework…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Yudong Hu , Haoran Li , Congying Han , Tiande Guo , Mingqiang Li , Bonan Li