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Consider $n^2-1$ unit-square blocks in an $n \times n$ square board, where each block is labeled as movable horizontally (only), movable vertically (only), or immovable -- a variation of Rush Hour with only $1 \times 1$ cars and fixed…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Josh Brunner , Lily Chung , Erik D. Demaine , Dylan Hendrickson , Adam Hesterberg , Adam Suhl , Avi Zeff

We consider the $n\times n$ game of Phutball. It is shown that, given an arbitrary position of stones on the board, it is a PSPACE-hard problem to determine whether the specified player can win the game, regardless of the opponent's choices…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Dariusz Dereniowski

An open-close door gadget has two states and three tunnels that can be traversed by an agent (player, robot, etc.): the "opening" and "closing" tunnels set the gadget's state to open and closed, respectively, while the "traverse" tunnel can…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-03-17 MIT Gadgets Group , Jeffrey Bosboom , Erik D. Demaine , Jenny Diomidova , Dylan Hendrickson , Hayashi Layers , Jayson Lynch

We report on progress in modelling and solving Puzznic, a video game requiring the player to plan sequences of moves to clear a grid by matching blocks. We focus here on levels with no moving blocks. We compare a planning approach and three…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Joan Espasa , Ian P. Gent , Ian Miguel , Peter Nightingale , András Z. Salamon , Mateu Villaret

We initiate a general theory for analyzing the complexity of motion planning of a single robot through a graph of "gadgets", each with their own state, set of locations, and allowed traversals between locations that can depend on and change…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-06-13 Erik D. Demaine , Isaac Grosof , Jayson Lynch , Mikhail Rudoy

In the "Game about Squares" the task is to push unit squares on an integer lattice onto corresponding dots. A square can only be moved into one given direction. When a square is pushed onto a lattice point with an arrow the direction of the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-08-21 Jens Maßberg

We study a popular puzzle game known variously as Clickomania and Same Game. Basically, a rectangular grid of blocks is initially colored with some number of colors, and the player repeatedly removes a chosen connected monochromatic group…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Therese C. Biedl , Erik D. Demaine , Martin L. Demaine , Rudolf Fleischer , Lars Jacobsen , J. Ian Munro

We study the complexity of a particular class of board games, which we call `slide and merge' games. Namely, we consider 2048 and Threes, which are among the most popular games of their type. In both games, the player is required to slide…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-01-19 Ahmed Abdelkader , Aditya Acharya , Philip Dasler

In unlabeled multi-robot motion planning several interchangeable robots operate in a common workspace. The goal is to move the robots to a set of target positions such that each position will be occupied by some robot. In this paper, we…

Robotics · Computer Science 2015-04-21 Kiril Solovey , Dan Halperin

We study the complexity of symmetric assembly puzzles: given a collection of simple polygons, can we translate, rotate, and possibly flip them so that their interior-disjoint union is line symmetric? On the negative side, we show that the…

The pebble-motion on graphs is a subcategory of multi-agent pathfinding problems dealing with moving multiple pebble-like objects from a node to a node in a graph with a constraint that only one pebble can occupy one node at a given time.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Miroslav Kulich , Tomáš Novák , Libor Přeucil

Edge-matching problems, also called edge matching puzzles, are abstractions of placement problems with neighborhood conditions. Pieces with colored edges have to be placed on a board such that adjacent edges have the same color. The problem…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-03-29 Martin Ebbesen , Paul Fischer , Carsten Witt

Motivated by advances is nanoscale applications and simplistic robot agents, we look at problems based on using a global signal to move all agents when given a limited number of directional signals and immovable geometry. We study a model…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2020-03-31 David Caballero , Angel A. Cantu , Timothy Gomez , Austin Luchsinger , Robert Schweller , Tim Wylie

We prove PSPACE-hardness for fifteen games in the Super Mario Bros. 2D platforming video game series. Previously, only the original Super Mario Bros. was known to be PSPACE-hard (FUN 2016), though several of the games we study were known to…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-04-17 MIT Hardness Group , Hayashi Ani , Erik D. Demaine , Holden Hall , Matias Korman

Various forms of sorting problems have been studied over the years. Recently, two kinds of sorting puzzle apps are popularized. In these puzzles, we are given a set of bins filled with colored units, balls or water, and some empty bins.…

We prove the computational intractability of rotating and placing $n$ square tiles into a $1 \times n$ array such that adjacent tiles are compatible--either equal edge colors, as in edge-matching puzzles, or matching tab/pocket shapes, as…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-01-03 Jeffrey Bosboom , Erik D. Demaine , Martin L. Demaine , Adam Hesterberg , Pasin Manurangsi , Anak Yodpinyanee

In this paper, we give simple NP-hardness reductions for three popular video games. The first is Baba Is You, an award winning 2D block puzzle game with the key premise being the ability to rewrite the rules of the game. The second is Fez,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Matthew Ferland , Vikram Kher

How can a stack of identical blocks be arranged to extend beyond the edge of a table as far as possible? We consider a generalization of this classic puzzle to blocks that differ in width and mass. Despite the seemingly simple premise, we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-13 Simon Gmeiner , Andreas S. Schulz

This work shows new results on the complexity of games Jelly-No and Hanano with various constraints on the size of the board and number of colours. Hanano and Jelly-No are one-player, 2D side-view puzzle games with a dynamic board…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Owen Crabtree , Valia Mitsou

We analyze the computational complexity of two 2-player games involving packing objects into a box. In the first game, players alternate drawing polycubes from a shared pile and placing them into an initially empty box in any available…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Oliver Korten