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Push-1 is one of the simplest abstract frameworks for motion planning; however, the complexity of deciding if a Push-1 problem can be solved was a several-decade-old open question. We resolve the complexity of the motion planning problem…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Zachary DeStefano , Bufang Liang

We present a decoupled algorithm for motion planning for a collection of unit-balls moving among polyhedral obstacles in $\mathbb{R}^d$, for any $d \ge 2$. We assume that the robots have revolving areas in the vicinity of their start and…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2018-07-17 Israela Solomon , Dan Halperin

"Bubble Ball" is a game built on a 2D physics engine, where a finite set of objects can modify the motion of a bubble-like ball. The objective is to choose the set and the initial configuration of the objects, in order to get the ball to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-30 Hotae Lee , Monimoy Bujarbaruah , Francesco Borrelli

Multi-robot motion planning is a hard problem. We investigate restricted variants of the problem where square robots are allowed to slide over an arbitrary curve to a new position only a constant number of times each. We show that the…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Thijs van der Horst , Maarten Löffler , Tim Ophelders , Tom Peters

We consider generalizations of the familiar fifteen-piece sliding puzzle on the 4 by 4 square grid. On larger grids with more pieces and more holes, asymptotically how fast can we move the puzzle into the solved state? We also give a…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2017-04-21 Hannah Alpert

We analyze Solo Chess puzzles, where the input is an $n \times n$ board containing some standard Chess pieces of the same color, and the goal is to make a sequence of capture moves to reduce down to a single piece. Prior work analyzes this…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Josh Brunner , Lily Chung , Michael Coulombe , Erik D. Demaine , Timothy Gomez , Jayson Lynch

We prove computational intractability of variants of checkers: (1) deciding whether there is a move that forces the other player to win in one move is NP-complete; (2) checkers where players must always be able to jump on their turn is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-06-15 Jeffrey Bosboom , Spencer Congero , Erik D. Demaine , Martin L. Demaine , Jayson Lynch

We introduce and investigate the computational complexity of a novel physical problem known as the Pinball Wizard problem. It involves an idealized pinball moving through a maze composed of one-way gates (outswing doors), plane walls,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Rosemary Adejoh , Andreas Jakoby , Sneha Mohanty , Christian Schindelhauer

Inspired by a common technique for shuffling a deck of cards on a table without riffling, we continue the study of a prequel paper on the pile shuffle and its capabilities as a sorting device. We study two sort feasibility problems of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Kyle B. Treleaven

The problem of solving $(n^2-1)$-puzzle and cooperative path-finding (CPF) sub-optimally by rule based algorithms is addressed in this manuscript. The task in the puzzle is to rearrange $n^2-1$ pebbles on the square grid of the size of n x…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-10-18 Pavel Surynek , Petr Michalík

The Number Rotation Puzzle (NRP) is a combination puzzle in which the goal is to rearrange a scrambled rectangular grid of numbers back into order via moves that consist of rotating square blocks of numbers of fixed size. Over all possible…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-12-01 Thomas Lam

We build a general theory for characterizing the computational complexity of motion planning of robot(s) through a graph of "gadgets", where each gadget has its own state defining a set of allowed traversals which in turn modify the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-01-15 Erik D. Demaine , Dylan H. Hendrickson , Jayson Lynch

We prove that a variant of 2048, a popular online puzzle game, is PSPACE-Complete. Our hardness result holds for a version of the problem where the player has oracle access to the computer player's moves. Specifically, we show that for an…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-08-28 Rahul Mehta

The mathematical structure of the widely popular Sudoku puzzles is akin to typical hard constraint satisfaction problems that lie at the heart of many applications, including protein folding and the general problem of finding the ground…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2012-08-03 Maria Ercsey-Ravasz , Zoltan Toroczkai

The Generalized Sliding-Tile Puzzle (GSTP), allowing many square tiles on a board to move in parallel while enforcing natural geometric collision constraints on the movement of neighboring tiles, provide a high-fidelity mathematical model…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Marcus Gozon , Jingjin Yu

Planning is essential for solving complex tasks, yet the internal mechanisms underlying planning in neural networks remain poorly understood. Building on prior work, we analyze a recurrent neural network (RNN) trained on Sokoban, a…

The Parks Puzzle is a paper-and-pencil puzzle game that is classically played on a square grid with different colored regions (the parks). The player needs to place a certain number of "trees" in each row, column, and park such that none…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Igor Minevich , Gabe Cunningham , Aditya Karan , Joshua V. Gyllinsky

In this work we propose a novel task framework under which a variety of physical reasoning puzzles can be constructed using very simple rules. Under sparse reward settings, most of these tasks can be very challenging for a reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Yixiu Zhao , Ziyin Liu

The Hanano Puzzle is a one-player game with irreversible gravity, where the goal is to make colored blocks make contact with flowers of the corresponding color. The game Jelly no Puzzle shares similar mechanics. In general, determining if a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Michael C. Chavrimootoo , Jin Seok Youn

In the problem of multi-robot motion planning, a group of robots, placed in a polygonal domain with obstacles, must be moved from their starting positions to a set of target positions. We consider the specific case of unlabeled disc robots…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Thomas Brocken , G. Wessel van der Heijden , Irina Kostitsyna , Lloyd E. Lo-Wong , Remco J. A. Surtel