相关论文: How to Describe Photons as (3+1)-Solitons?

Light is a union of electric and magnetic fields, and nowhere is their complex relationship more evident than in the near fields of nanophotonic structures. There, complicated electric and magnetic fields varying over subwavelength scales…

Einstein-Maxwell theory implies the mixing of photons with gravitons in an external electromagnetic field. This process and its possible observable consequences have been studied at tree level for many years. We use the worldline formalism…

We outline a regular way for solving Maxwell's equations. We take, as the starting point, the notion of vector potentials. The rationale for introducing this notion in electrodynamics is that the set of Maxwell's equations is seemingly…

The paper, classically, presents a special stable non-topological solitary wave packet solution in $3+1$ dimensions for an extended complex non-linear Klein-Gordon (CNKG) field system. The rest energy of this special solution is minimum…

In this note we continue to pursue the question whether gauge theories can be represented in terms of effective "scalar" degrees of freedom. We provide such a consistent representation for a free photon theory in 3+1 dimensions. Building on…

Classical Electrodynamics is not a consistent theory because of its field inadequate behaviour in the vicinity of their sources. Its problems with the electron equation of motion and with non-integrable singularity of the electron self…

The models of the non-linear optics in which solitons were appeared are considered. These models are of paramount importance in studies of non-linear wave phenomena. The classical examples of phenomena of this kind are the self-focusing,…

At the first glance, the expression "transparent superconductor" may seem an oxymoron. Still, the first principle calculations and experiments show that the materials that behave as superconductors at low frequencies and do not absorb in…

Born-Infeld nonlinear electrodynamics are considered. Main attention is given to existence of singular point at static field configuration that M.Born and L.Infeld are considered as a model of electron. It is shown that such singularities…

We consider optical 1D envelope solitons in Kerr dielectric with cubic non-linearity and use two solitons configurations for modelling entangled states of photons. We calculate spin, momentum and energy of solitons on the basis of…

The Lorentz transformation is derived without assuming the existence of Maxwell's equations, or that the speed of light is a constant, or even that light exists. This leads us logically to sonsider the existence of a primal field called…

Photons are almost involved in each field of science and daily life of everyone. However, there are still some fundamental and puzzling questions such as what a photon is.The expressions of electromagnetic fields of a photon are here…

Starting from the Maxwell's equations and without resort to the paraxial approximation, we derive equations describing stationary (1+1)-dimensional beams propagating at an arbitrary direction in an optical crystal with cubic symmetry and…

We construct an explicit covariant Majorana formulation of Maxwell electromagnetism which does not make use of vector 4-potential. This allows to write a ``Dirac'' equation for the photon containing all the known properties of it. In…

An antisymmetric tensor, the photon tensor, is defined for the description of the photon as a massless relativistic particle. The photon can be visualized as an essentially two dimensional rotating object. The quantum mechanical description…

Energetic electrons are of interest in many types of plasmas, however previous modeling of their properties has been restricted to the use of linear Fokker-Planck collision operators or non-relativistic formulations. Here, we describe a…

We present a first-principles derivation of the variational equations describing the dynamics of the interaction of a spatial soliton and a surface plasmon polariton (SPP) propagating along a metal/dielectric interface. The variational…

Photon is a concept that does not apply at the instantaneous level when light is described by classical electromagnetic fields. Exploiting the dynamical rotational symmetry of circularly or elliptically polarized classical light pulses,…

We show that QED in the Coulomb gauge can be considered as a low energy linear approximation of a non-linear $\sigma $-type model where the photon emerges as a vector Goldstone boson related to the spontaneous breakdown of Lorentz symmetry…

Solitons are universal nonlinear excitations that appear in settings as varied as optics, water waves, and quantum gases [1-5]. While reduced models of soliton dynamics are well established, their validity and dynamical behaviour in…