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The balancing process for game levels in competitive two-player contexts involves a lot of manual work and testing, particularly for non-symmetrical game levels. In this work, we frame game balancing as a procedural content generation task…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-03-25 Florian Rupp , Manuel Eberhardinger , Kai Eckert

While the complex reasoning capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) has attracted significant attention, single-agent systems often encounter inherent performance ceilings in complex tasks such as code generation. Multi-agent…

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents are vulnerable to adversarial disturbances, which can deteriorate task performance or compromise safety specifications. Existing methods either address safety requirements under the assumption of no…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-09-14 Zeyang Li , Chuxiong Hu , Yunan Wang , Yujie Yang , Shengbo Eben Li

Game-theoretic algorithms are commonly benchmarked on recreational games, classical constructs from economic theory such as congestion and dispersion games, or entirely random game instances. While the past two decades have seen the rise of…

计算机科学与博弈论 · 计算机科学 2025-05-29 Noah Krever , Jakub Černý , Moïse Blanchard , Christian Kroer

In typical reinforcement learning (RL), the environment is assumed given and the goal of the learning is to identify an optimal policy for the agent taking actions through its interactions with the environment. In this paper, we extend this…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2019-10-25 Haifeng Zhang , Jun Wang , Zhiming Zhou , Weinan Zhang , Ying Wen , Yong Yu , Wenxin Li

Reinforcement learning usually uses the feedback rewards of environmental to train agents. But the rewards in the actual environment are sparse, and even some environments will not rewards. Most of the current methods are difficult to get…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-01-13 Kai Jiang , XiaoLong Qin

The coordination of multiple autonomous agents in high-speed, competitive environments represents a significant engineering challenge. This paper presents CRUISE (Curriculum-Based Iterative Self-Play for Scalable Multi-Drone Racing), a…

机器人学 · 计算机科学 2025-10-28 Onur Akgün

Finding approximate equilibria for large-scale imperfect-information competitive games such as StarCraft, Dota, and CounterStrike remains computationally infeasible due to sparse rewards and challenging exploration over long horizons. In…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-15 JB Lanier , Nathan Monette , Pierre Baldi , Roy Fox

Injecting human knowledge is an effective way to accelerate reinforcement learning (RL). However, these methods are underexplored. This paper presents our discovery that an abstract forward model (thought-game (TG)) combined with transfer…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-11-03 Ruo-Ze Liu , Haifeng Guo , Xiaozhong Ji , Yang Yu , Zhen-Jia Pang , Zitai Xiao , Yuzhou Wu , Tong Lu

StarCraft, one of the most difficult esport games with long-standing history of professional tournaments, has attracted generations of players and fans, and also, intense attentions in artificial intelligence research. Recently, Google's…

Since the introduction of DQN, a vast majority of reinforcement learning research has focused on reinforcement learning with deep neural networks as function approximators. New methods are typically evaluated on a set of environments that…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-05-25 Johan S. Obando-Ceron , Pablo Samuel Castro

A ubiquitous requirement in many practical reinforcement learning (RL) applications, including medical treatment, recommendation system, education and robotics, is that the deployed policy that actually interacts with the environment cannot…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-12-14 Shusheng Xu , Yancheng Liang , Yunfei Li , Simon Shaolei Du , Yi Wu

In real-time strategy (RTS) game artificial intelligence research, various multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) algorithms are widely and actively used nowadays. Most of the research is based on StarCraft II environment because…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2021-05-24 Won Joon Yun , Sungwon Yi , Joongheon Kim

StarCraft II is a complex and dynamic real-time strategy (RTS) game environment, which is very suitable for artificial intelligence and reinforcement learning research. To address the problem of Large Language Model(LLM) learning in complex…

Deep Reinforcement Learning is a promising tool for robotic control, yet practical application is often hindered by the difficulty of designing effective reward functions. Real-world tasks typically require optimizing multiple objectives…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-03-06 Kilian Freitag , Knut Åkesson , Morteza Haghir Chehreghani

The real-time strategy game of StarCraft II has been posed as a challenge for reinforcement learning by Google's DeepMind. This study examines the use of an agent based on the Monte-Carlo Tree Search algorithm for optimizing the build order…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-06-19 Islam Elnabarawy , Kristijana Arroyo , Donald C. Wunsch

Reinforcement learning often needs to deal with the exponential growth of states and actions when exploring optimal control in high-dimensional spaces (often known as the curse of dimensionality). In this work, we address this issue by…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-06-23 Yining Li , Peizhong Ju , Ness Shroff

Recent advancements in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) have demonstrated its application potential in modern games. Beginning with foundational work and progressing to landmark achievements such as AlphaStar in StarCraft II and…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-09-05 Zhengyang Li , Qijin Ji , Xinghong Ling , Quan Liu

This paper introduces MazeBase: an environment for simple 2D games, designed as a sandbox for machine learning approaches to reasoning and planning. Within it, we create 10 simple games embodying a range of algorithmic tasks (e.g. if-then…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2016-01-08 Sainbayar Sukhbaatar , Arthur Szlam , Gabriel Synnaeve , Soumith Chintala , Rob Fergus

Reinforcement learning agents have been mostly developed and evaluated under the assumption that they will operate in a fully autonomous manner -- they will take all actions. In this work, our goal is to develop algorithms that, by learning…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-07-04 Vahid Balazadeh , Abir De , Adish Singla , Manuel Gomez-Rodriguez