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Since the 21st century, artificial intelligence has been leading a new round of industrial revolution. Under the training framework, the optimization algorithm aims to stably converge high-dimensional optimization to local and even global…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-12-02 Meng Zhu , Quan Xiao , Weidong Min

It is widely believed that stochastic gradient descent (SGD) performs significantly worse than adaptive optimizers such as Adam in pre-training Large Language Models (LLMs). Yet the underlying reason for this gap remains unclear. In this…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-19 Athanasios Glentis , Dawei Li , Chung-Yiu Yau , Mingyi Hong

The best performing Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) are usually attained using Adam optimization and its multi-step training variants. However, to the best of our knowledge, few studies explore the fundamental reasons why Adam is superior to…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-06-22 Zechun Liu , Zhiqiang Shen , Shichao Li , Koen Helwegen , Dong Huang , Kwang-Ting Cheng

In neural network training, RMSProp and Adam remain widely favoured optimisation algorithms. One of the keys to their performance lies in selecting the correct step size, which can significantly influence their effectiveness. Additionally,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-04-05 Alokendu Mazumder , Rishabh Sabharwal , Manan Tayal , Bhartendu Kumar , Punit Rathore

Gradient-based first-order adaptive optimization methods such as the Adam optimizer are prevalent in training artificial networks, achieving the state-of-the-art results. This work attempts to answer the question whether it is viable for…

神经与进化计算 · 计算机科学 2022-12-20 Yukun Yang , Peng Li

The Adam optimizer is a cornerstone of modern deep learning, yet the empirical necessity of each of its individual components is often taken for granted. This paper presents a focused investigation into the role of bias-correction, a…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-11-27 Sam Laing , Antonio Orvieto

Adaptive optimizers, such as Adam, have achieved remarkable success in deep learning. A key component of these optimizers is the so-called preconditioning matrix, providing enhanced gradient information and regulating the step size of each…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-12-10 Yun Yue , Zhiling Ye , Jiadi Jiang , Yongchao Liu , Ke Zhang

Optimizers like Adam and AdaGrad have been very successful in training large-scale neural networks. Yet, the performance of these methods is heavily dependent on a carefully tuned learning rate schedule. We show that in many large-scale…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-02-02 Ehsan Amid , Rohan Anil , Christopher Fifty , Manfred K. Warmuth

Adaptive gradient methods have become popular in optimizing deep neural networks; recent examples include AdaGrad and Adam. Although Adam usually converges faster, variations of Adam, for instance, the AdaBelief algorithm, have been…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-10-29 Kushal Chakrabarti , Nikhil Chopra

The Adam optimizer is a popular choice in contemporary deep learning, due to its strong empirical performance. However we observe that in privacy sensitive scenarios, the traditional use of Differential Privacy (DP) with the Adam optimizer…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-12-25 Qiaoyue Tang , Frederick Shpilevskiy , Mathias Lécuyer

Transformers are difficult to optimize with stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and largely rely on adaptive optimizers such as Adam. Despite their empirical success, the reasons behind Adam's superior performance over SGD remain poorly…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-02-19 Akiyoshi Tomihari , Issei Sato

Following the introduction of Adam, several novel adaptive optimizers for deep learning have been proposed. These optimizers typically excel in some tasks but may not outperform Adam uniformly across all tasks. In this work, we introduce…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-06-18 Kaan Ozkara , Can Karakus , Parameswaran Raman , Mingyi Hong , Shoham Sabach , Branislav Kveton , Volkan Cevher

Solving inverse problems, such as parameter estimation and optimal control, is a vital part of science. Many experiments repeatedly collect data and rely on machine learning algorithms to quickly infer solutions to the associated inverse…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-10-14 Philipp Holl , Vladlen Koltun , Nils Thuerey

Empirical scaling laws prescribe how to allocate parameters, data, and compute, while maximal-update parameterization ($\mu$P) enables learning-rate transfer across widths by equalizing early-time update magnitudes. However, in modern…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-10-20 Zhiyuan Fan , Yifeng Liu , Qingyue Zhao , Angela Yuan , Quanquan Gu

Adaptive gradient methods such as Adam have gained increasing popularity in deep learning optimization. However, it has been observed that compared with (stochastic) gradient descent, Adam can converge to a different solution with a…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-08-26 Difan Zou , Yuan Cao , Yuanzhi Li , Quanquan Gu

Many adaptive optimization methods have been proposed and used in deep learning, in which Adam is regarded as the default algorithm and widely used in many deep learning frameworks. Recently, many variants of Adam, such as Adabound, RAdam…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-11-05 Wei Yuan , Kai-Xin Gao

Adaptive optimization algorithms, particularly Adam and its variant AdamW, are fundamental components of modern deep learning. However, their training dynamics lack comprehensive theoretical understanding, with limited insight into why…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-12-23 Rhys Gould , Hidenori Tanaka

In contrast to SGD, adaptive gradient methods like Adam allow robust training of modern deep networks, especially large language models. However, the use of adaptivity not only comes at the cost of extra memory but also raises the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-07-20 Zhiyuan Li , Srinadh Bhojanapalli , Manzil Zaheer , Sashank J. Reddi , Sanjiv Kumar

Modern recommendation systems frequently employ online learning to dynamically update their models with freshly collected data. The most commonly used optimizer for updating neural networks in these contexts is the Adam optimizer, which…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-06-05 Shaowen Wang , Anan Liu , Jian Xiao , Huan Liu , Yuekui Yang , Cong Xu , Qianqian Pu , Suncong Zheng , Wei Zhang , Di Wang , Jie Jiang , Jian Li

Understanding the remarkable efficacy of Adam when training transformer-based language models has become a central research topic within the optimization community. To gain deeper insights, several simplifications of Adam have been…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-12-02 Antonio Orvieto , Robert M. Gower