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The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) into agentic systems that perform autonomous reasoning and tool use has created significant intellectual property (IP) value. We demonstrate that these systems are highly vulnerable to imitation…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-02-10 Liwen Wang , Zongjie Li , Yuchong Xie , Shuai Wang , Dongdong She , Wei Wang , Juergen Rahmel

Generative images have proliferated on Web platforms in social media and online copyright distribution scenarios, and semantic watermarking has increasingly been integrated into diffusion models to support reliable provenance tracking and…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-02-26 Zheng Gao , Xiaoyu Li , Zhicheng Bao , Xiaoyan Feng , Jiaojiao Jiang

Well-performed deep neural networks (DNNs) generally require massive labelled data and computational resources for training. Various watermarking techniques are proposed to protect such intellectual properties (IPs), wherein the DNN…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2023-04-04 Xiangyu Wen , Yu Li , Wei Jiang , Qiang Xu

The growing use of large language models (LLMs) for sensitive applications has highlighted the need for effective watermarking techniques to ensure the provenance and accountability of AI-generated text. However, most existing watermarking…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-04-07 Yepeng Liu , Xuandong Zhao , Christopher Kruegel , Dawn Song , Yuheng Bu

As large language models (LLMs) reach human-like fluency, reliably distinguishing AI-generated text from human authorship becomes increasingly difficult. While watermarks already exist for LLMs, they often lack flexibility and struggle with…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-06-18 Georg Niess , Roman Kern

Large Language Models (LLMs) have experienced rapid advancements, with applications spanning a wide range of fields, including sentiment classification, review generation, and question answering. Due to their efficiency and versatility,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-06-17 Yugeng Liu , Tianshuo Cong , Michael Backes , Zheng Li , Yang Zhang

Generative models have rapidly evolved to generate realistic outputs. However, their synthetic outputs increasingly challenge the clear distinction between natural and AI-generated content, necessitating robust watermarking techniques.…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-20 Kasra Arabi , R. Teal Witter , Chinmay Hegde , Niv Cohen

Integrating watermarking into the generation process of latent diffusion models (LDMs) simplifies detection and attribution of generated content. Semantic watermarks, such as Tree-Rings and Gaussian Shading, represent a novel class of…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-06-10 Andreas Müller , Denis Lukovnikov , Jonas Thietke , Asja Fischer , Erwin Quiring

Text watermarking for large language models (LLMs) enables model owners to verify text origin and protect intellectual property. While watermarking methods for closed-source LLMs are relatively mature, extending them to open-source models…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-10-29 Jiaqi Xue , Yifei Zhao , Mansour Al Ghanim , Shangqian Gao , Ruimin Sun , Qian Lou , Mengxin Zheng

The rapid advancement of customized Large Language Models (LLMs) offers considerable convenience. However, it also intensifies concerns regarding the protection of copyright/confidential information. With the extensive adoption of private…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-12-18 Yuehan Zhang , Peizhuo Lv , Yinpeng Liu , Yongqiang Ma , Wei Lu , Xiaofeng Wang , Xiaozhong Liu , Jiawei Liu

Text watermarking algorithms are crucial for protecting the copyright of textual content. Historically, their capabilities and application scenarios were limited. However, recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-08-12 Aiwei Liu , Leyi Pan , Yijian Lu , Jingjing Li , Xuming Hu , Xi Zhang , Lijie Wen , Irwin King , Hui Xiong , Philip S. Yu

Watermarking is a commonly used strategy to protect creators' rights to digital images, videos and audio. Recently, watermarking methods have been extended to deep learning models -- in principle, the watermark should be preserved when an…

As large language models (LLMs) grow more powerful, concerns over copyright infringement of LLM-generated texts have intensified. LLM watermarking has been proposed to trace unauthorized redistribution or resale of generated content by…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-08-05 Qihao Lin , Chen Tang , Lan zhang , Junyang zhang , Xiangyang Li

Recent years have witnessed tremendous success in Self-Supervised Learning (SSL), which has been widely utilized to facilitate various downstream tasks in Computer Vision (CV) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) domains. However,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-01-30 Peizhuo Lv , Pan Li , Shenchen Zhu , Shengzhi Zhang , Kai Chen , Ruigang Liang , Chang Yue , Fan Xiang , Yuling Cai , Hualong Ma , Yingjun Zhang , Guozhu Meng

Large Language Models (LLMs) perform impressively well in various applications. However, the potential for misuse of these models in activities such as plagiarism, generating fake news, and spamming has raised concern about their…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-01-20 Vinu Sankar Sadasivan , Aounon Kumar , Sriram Balasubramanian , Wenxiao Wang , Soheil Feizi

Watermarking large language models (LLMs) is vital for preventing their misuse, including the fabrication of fake news, plagiarism, and spam. It is especially important to watermark LLM-generated code, as it often contains intellectual…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-12-18 Li Lin , Siyuan Xin , Yang Cao , Xiaochun Cao

Large language models (LLMs) are pre-trained and post-trained on vast amounts of loosely curated data, raising the possibility that these models may have been trained on proprietary datasets or the same benchmarks used for evaluation. This…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-11 Pengrun Huang , Kamalika Chaudhuri , Yu-Xiang Wang

The proliferation of open-source code and large language models (LLMs) for code generation has amplified the risks of unauthorized reuse and intellectual property infringement. Source code watermarking offers a potential solution, yet…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-04-21 Rui Xu , Jiawei Chen , Weizhi Liu , Zhaoxia Yin , Cong Kong , Xinpeng Zhang

The rapid development of LLMs has raised concerns about their potential misuse, leading to various watermarking schemes that typically offer high detectability. However, existing watermarking techniques often face trade-off between…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-10-21 Chenrui Wang , Junyi Shu , Billy Chiu , Yu Li , Saleh Alharbi , Min Zhang , Jing Li

Text watermarking algorithms for large language models (LLMs) can effectively identify machine-generated texts by embedding and detecting hidden features in the text. Although the current text watermarking algorithms perform well in most…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-06-11 Yijian Lu , Aiwei Liu , Dianzhi Yu , Jingjing Li , Irwin King