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The vast amounts of digital content captured from the real world or AI-generated media necessitate methods for copyright protection, traceability, or data provenance verification. Digital watermarking serves as a crucial approach to address…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-10-08 Vitaliy Kinakh , Brian Pulfer , Yury Belousov , Pierre Fernandez , Teddy Furon , Slava Voloshynovskiy

Ownership verification is currently the most critical and widely adopted post-hoc method to safeguard model copyright. In general, model owners exploit it to identify whether a given suspicious third-party model is stolen from them by…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-09-11 Shuo Shao , Yiming Li , Hongwei Yao , Yiling He , Zhan Qin , Kui Ren

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have raised urgent concerns about LLM-generated text authenticity, prompting regulatory demands for reliable identification mechanisms. Although watermarking offers a promising solution,…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-08-26 Xiaoyan Feng , He Zhang , Yanjun Zhang , Leo Yu Zhang , Shirui Pan

The development of large language models (LLMs) has raised concerns about potential misuse. One practical solution is to embed a watermark in the text, allowing ownership verification through watermark extraction. Existing methods primarily…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-03-04 Yuhang Cai , Yaofei Wang , Donghui Hu , Chen Gu

Watermarking combines an imperceptible change to an input image that will trigger a detector, to assert provenance and protect intellectual property. The literature has shown great interest in attacks on watermarking schemes: attackers are…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-05-19 Maria Bulychev , Neil G. Marchant , Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities across various tasks. However, their deployment introduces significant risks related to intellectual property. In this context, we focus on model stealing attacks, where…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-10-28 Kieu Dang , Phung Lai , NhatHai Phan , Yelong Shen , Ruoming Jin , Abdallah Khreishah

Data watermarking in language models injects traceable signals, such as specific token sequences or stylistic patterns, into copyrighted text, allowing copyright holders to track and verify training data ownership. Previous data…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-07-29 Xinyue Cui , Johnny Tian-Zheng Wei , Swabha Swayamdipta , Robin Jia

With the rapid evolution of deepfake technologies and the wide dissemination of digital media, personal privacy is facing increasingly serious security threats. Deepfake proactive forensics, which involves embedding imperceptible watermarks…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-11-27 Lixin Jia , Haiyang Sun , Zhiqing Guo , Yunfeng Diao , Dan Ma , Gaobo Yang

Watermarking embeds information into digital content like images, audio, or text, imperceptible to humans but robustly detectable by specific algorithms. This technology has important applications in many challenges of the industry such as…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-02-11 Pierre Fernandez

Watermarking for large language models (LLMs) has emerged as an effective tool for distinguishing AI-generated text from human-written content. Statistically, watermark schemes induce dependence between generated tokens and a pseudo-random…

统计方法学 · 统计学 2026-04-13 Weijie Su , Ruodu Wang , Zinan Zhao

As companies continue to invest heavily in larger, more accurate and more robust deep learning models, they are exploring approaches to monetize their models while protecting their intellectual property. Model licensing is promising, but…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2020-12-04 Huiying Li , Emily Wenger , Shawn Shan , Ben Y. Zhao , Haitao Zheng

Text content created by humans or language models is often stolen or misused by adversaries. Tracing text provenance can help claim the ownership of text content or identify the malicious users who distribute misleading content like…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2021-12-16 Xi Yang , Jie Zhang , Kejiang Chen , Weiming Zhang , Zehua Ma , Feng Wang , Nenghai Yu

The recent explosion of high-quality language models has necessitated new methods for identifying AI-generated text. Watermarking is a leading solution and could prove to be an essential tool in the age of generative AI. Existing approaches…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-10-25 Miranda Christ , Sam Gunn , Tal Malkin , Mariana Raykova

Model watermarking utilizes internal representations to protect the ownership of large language models (LLMs). However, these features inevitably undergo complex distortions during realistic model modifications such as fine-tuning,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-03-20 Zikang Ding , Junhao Li , Suling Wu , Junchi Yao , Hongbo Liu , Lijie Hu

The widespread use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in text generation has raised increasing concerns about intellectual property disputes. Watermarking techniques, which embed meta information into AI-generated content (AIGC), have the…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-04-15 Shangkun Che , Silin Du , Ge Gao

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to significant improvements in natural language processing tasks, but their ability to generate human-quality text raises significant ethical and operational concerns in settings…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-01-27 Adam Block , Ayush Sekhari , Alexander Rakhlin

The most effective techniques to detect LLM-generated text rely on inserting a detectable signature -- or watermark -- during the model's decoding process. Most existing watermarking methods require access to the underlying LLM's logits,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-10-14 Yapei Chang , Kalpesh Krishna , Amir Houmansadr , John Wieting , Mohit Iyyer

With the rapid advancement and extensive application of artificial intelligence technology, large language models (LLMs) are extensively used to enhance production, creativity, learning, and work efficiency across various domains. However,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-09-04 Yuqing Liang , Jiancheng Xiao , Wensheng Gan , Philip S. Yu

Watermarking is a technical means to dissuade malfeasant usage of Large Language Models. This paper proposes a novel watermarking scheme, so-called WaterMax, that enjoys high detectability while sustaining the quality of the generated text…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-10-21 Eva Giboulot , Teddy Furon

With the increasing prevalence of Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) platforms, there is a growing focus on deep neural network (DNN) watermarking techniques. These methods are used to facilitate the verification of ownership for a…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-07-19 Yuxuan Li , Sarthak Kumar Maharana , Yunhui Guo