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Large language models (LLMs) can be misused to reveal sensitive information, such as weapon-making instructions or writing malware. LLM providers rely on $\emph{monitoring}$ to detect and flag unsafe behavior during inference. An open…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-04-01 Toluwani Aremu , Daniil Ognev , Samuele Poppi , Nils Lukas

Proprietary large language models (LLMs) face risks of intellectual property (IP) violation, as adversaries can replicate an LLM by collecting input-output pairs to train a surrogate model, causing financial setbacks. Watermarks offer a…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-05-25 Kieu Dang , Phung Lai , NhatHai Phan , Yelong Shen , Ruoming Jin

The vast amounts of digital content captured from the real world or AI-generated media necessitate methods for copyright protection, traceability, or data provenance verification. Digital watermarking serves as a crucial approach to address…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-10-08 Vitaliy Kinakh , Brian Pulfer , Yury Belousov , Pierre Fernandez , Teddy Furon , Slava Voloshynovskiy

Large Language Model (LLM) watermarking embeds detectable signals into generated text for copyright protection, misuse prevention, and content detection. While prior studies evaluate robustness using watermark removal attacks, these methods…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-09-16 Zhaoxi Zhang , Xiaomei Zhang , Yanjun Zhang , He Zhang , Shirui Pan , Bo Liu , Asif Qumer Gill , Leo Yu Zhang

Privacy-sensitive users require deploying large language models (LLMs) within their own infrastructure (on-premises) to safeguard private data and enable customization. However, vulnerabilities in local environments can lead to unauthorized…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-10-08 Hanbo Huang , Yihan Li , Bowen Jiang , Bo Jiang , Lin Liu , Ruoyu Sun , Zhuotao Liu , Shiyu Liang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly fine-tuned on smaller, domain-specific datasets to improve downstream performance. These datasets often contain proprietary or copyrighted material, raising the need for reliable safeguards…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-10-06 Jingqi Zhang , Ruibo Chen , Yingqing Yang , Peihua Mai , Heng Huang , Yan Pang

This paper introduces a novel problem, distributional information embedding, motivated by the practical demands of multi-bit watermarking for large language models (LLMs). Unlike traditional information embedding, which embeds information…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-07-03 Haiyun He , Yepeng Liu , Ziqiao Wang , Yongyi Mao , Yuheng Bu

As open-source large language models (LLMs) like Llama3 become more capable, it is crucial to develop watermarking techniques to detect their potential misuse. Existing watermarking methods either add watermarks during LLM inference, which…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-03-18 Yijie Xu , Aiwei Liu , Xuming Hu , Lijie Wen , Hui Xiong

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that bypass their safety mechanisms. Existing attack methods are fixed or specifically tailored for certain models and cannot flexibly adjust attack strength, which is…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-10-08 Yiting Dong , Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Xiang He , Yi Zeng

Large language models (LLMs) are commonly adapted to downstream tasks through fine-tuning, but fine-tuning data often contains sensitive information that may be leaked by the resulting model. Differential privacy (DP) offers formal…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-05-19 Haichao Sha , Zihao Wang , Yuncheng Wu , Hong Chen , Wei Dong

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated outstanding performance, making them valuable digital assets with significant commercial potential. Unfortunately, the LLM and its API are susceptible to intellectual property theft.…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-07-25 Shuai Li , Kejiang Chen , Kunsheng Tang , Jie Zhang , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu , Kai Zeng

The recent surge in jailbreaking attacks has revealed significant vulnerabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs) when exposed to malicious inputs. While various defense strategies have been proposed to mitigate these threats, there has…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-02-24 Tianlong Li , Zhenghua Wang , Wenhao Liu , Muling Wu , Shihan Dou , Changze Lv , Xiaohua Wang , Xiaoqing Zheng , Xuanjing Huang

Latent Diffusion Models (LDMs) have established themselves as powerful tools in the rapidly evolving field of image generation, capable of producing highly realistic images. However, their widespread adoption raises critical concerns about…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-01-28 Zhonghao Yang , Linye Lyu , Xuanhang Chang , Daojing He , YU LI

The rapid advancement of customized Large Language Models (LLMs) offers considerable convenience. However, it also intensifies concerns regarding the protection of copyright/confidential information. With the extensive adoption of private…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-12-18 Yuehan Zhang , Peizhuo Lv , Yinpeng Liu , Yongqiang Ma , Wei Lu , Xiaofeng Wang , Xiaozhong Liu , Jiawei Liu

Watermarking has recently emerged as an effective strategy for detecting the outputs of large language models (LLMs). Most existing schemes require white-box access to the model's next-token probability distribution, which is typically not…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-02-24 Dara Bahri , John Wieting

Graph data contains rich node features and unique edge information, which have been applied across various domains, such as citation networks or recommendation systems. Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are specialized for handling such data and…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-06-26 Faqian Guan , Tianqing Zhu , Hui Sun , Wanlei Zhou , Philip S. Yu

The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) into agentic systems that perform autonomous reasoning and tool use has created significant intellectual property (IP) value. We demonstrate that these systems are highly vulnerable to imitation…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-02-10 Liwen Wang , Zongjie Li , Yuchong Xie , Shuai Wang , Dongdong She , Wei Wang , Juergen Rahmel

This paper presents a survey and taxonomy of LLM fingerprinting and watermarking for identity, ownership verification, provenance, and generated-content attribution. Large language models (LLMs) require substantial investments in data,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-05-29 Bing Liu , Shunping Wang , Yufan Zhu , Xinyi Yu , Jing Huang , Linkang Du , Hongbin Pei , Wei Luo

In this paper, we investigate the recent state-of-the-art schemes for watermarking large language models (LLMs) outputs. These techniques are claimed to be robust, scalable and production-grade, aimed at promoting responsible usage of LLMs.…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-05-11 Jonathan Hong Jin Ng , Anh Tu Ngo , Anupam Chattopadhyay

Large pretrained language models (LLMs) have shown surprising In-Context Learning (ICL) ability. An important application in deploying large language models is to augment LLMs with a private database for some specific task. The main problem…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-05-09 Chunyan Zheng , Keke Sun , Wenhao Zhao , Haibo Zhou , Lixin Jiang , Shaoyang Song , Chunlai Zhou