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The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has raised concerns regarding their potential misuse, particularly in generating fake news and misinformation. To address these risks, watermarking techniques for autoregressive language…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-06-24 Koichi Nagatsuka , Terufumi Morishita , Yasuhiro Sogawa

The functionality of a deep learning (DL) model can be stolen via model extraction where an attacker obtains a surrogate model by utilizing the responses from a prediction API of the original model. In this work, we propose a novel…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2022-07-28 Abhishek Chakraborty , Daniel Xing , Yuntao Liu , Ankur Srivastava

As large language models (LLMs) grow more powerful, concerns over copyright infringement of LLM-generated texts have intensified. LLM watermarking has been proposed to trace unauthorized redistribution or resale of generated content by…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-08-05 Qihao Lin , Chen Tang , Lan zhang , Junyang zhang , Xiangyang Li

Watermarking for large language models (LLMs) offers a promising approach to identifying AI-generated text. Existing approaches, however, either compromise the distribution of original generated text by LLMs or are limited to embedding…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-06-09 Ya Jiang , Chuxiong Wu , Massieh Kordi Boroujeny , Brian Mark , Kai Zeng

The development of large language models (LLMs) has raised concerns about potential misuse. One practical solution is to embed a watermark in the text, allowing ownership verification through watermark extraction. Existing methods primarily…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-03-04 Yuhang Cai , Yaofei Wang , Donghui Hu , Chen Gu

Deep learning (DL) models, especially those large-scale and high-performance ones, can be very costly to train, demanding a great amount of data and computational resources. Unauthorized reproduction of DL models can lead to copyright…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2021-12-13 Jialuo Chen , Jingyi Wang , Tinglan Peng , Youcheng Sun , Peng Cheng , Shouling Ji , Xingjun Ma , Bo Li , Dawn Song

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) has become an essential strategy for adapting them to specialized tasks; however, this process introduces significant privacy challenges, as sensitive training data may be inadvertently memorized and…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-05-02 Hao Du , Shang Liu , Yang Cao

Despite the tremendous success, deep neural networks are exposed to serious IP infringement risks. Given a target deep model, if the attacker knows its full information, it can be easily stolen by fine-tuning. Even if only its output is…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2021-03-09 Jie Zhang , Dongdong Chen , Jing Liao , Weiming Zhang , Huamin Feng , Gang Hua , Nenghai Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, but their training requires extensive data and computational resources, rendering them valuable digital assets. Therefore, it is essential to watermark LLMs to protect…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-10-21 Shuai Li , Kejiang Chen , Jun Jiang , Jie Zhang , Qiyi Yao , Kai Zeng , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu

Given the high cost of large language model (LLM) training from scratch, safeguarding LLM intellectual property (IP) has become increasingly crucial. As the standard paradigm for IP ownership verification, LLM fingerprinting thus plays a…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-03-20 Zixun Xiong , Gaoyi Wu , Qingyang Yu , Mingyu Derek Ma , Lingfeng Yao , Miao Pan , Xiaojiang Du , Hao Wang

With the rise of Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) platforms,safeguarding the intellectual property of deep learning models is becoming paramount. Among various protective measures, trigger set watermarking has emerged as a flexible and…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-04-23 Hongyu Zhu , Sichu Liang , Wentao Hu , Fangqi Li , Ju Jia , Shilin Wang

Natural language processing (NLP) technology has shown great commercial value in applications such as sentiment analysis. But NLP models are vulnerable to the threat of pirated redistribution, damaging the economic interests of model…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2022-11-21 Long Dai , Jiarong Mao , Xuefeng Fan , Xiaoyi Zhou

Deep Learning (DL) models have caused a paradigm shift in our ability to comprehend raw data in various important fields, ranging from intelligence warfare and healthcare to autonomous transportation and automated manufacturing. A practical…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2018-06-04 Bita Darvish Rouhani , Huili Chen , Farinaz Koushanfar

The rapid growth of Large Language Models (LLMs) has highlighted the pressing need for reliable mechanisms to verify content ownership and ensure traceability. Watermarking offers a promising path forward, but it remains limited by privacy…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-01-21 Thomas Fargues , Ye Dong , Tianwei Zhang , Jin-Song Dong

Watermarking of large language models (LLMs) generation embeds an imperceptible statistical pattern within texts, making it algorithmically detectable. Watermarking is a promising method for addressing potential harm and biases from LLMs,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-12-09 Lingjie Chen , Ruizhong Qiu , Siyu Yuan , Zhining Liu , Tianxin Wei , Hyunsik Yoo , Zhichen Zeng , Deqing Yang , Hanghang Tong

The widely adopted and powerful generative large language models (LLMs) have raised concerns about intellectual property rights violations and the spread of machine-generated misinformation. Watermarking serves as a promising approch to…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-10-28 Ruisi Zhang , Farinaz Koushanfar

Watermarking has emerged as a promising technique for detecting texts generated by LLMs. Current research has primarily focused on three design criteria: high quality of the watermarked text, high detectability, and robustness against…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-04-11 Li An , Yujian Liu , Yepeng Liu , Yang Zhang , Yuheng Bu , Shiyu Chang

As companies continue to invest heavily in larger, more accurate and more robust deep learning models, they are exploring approaches to monetize their models while protecting their intellectual property. Model licensing is promising, but…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2020-12-04 Huiying Li , Emily Wenger , Shawn Shan , Ben Y. Zhao , Haitao Zheng

In recent years, LLM watermarking has emerged as an attractive safeguard against AI-generated content, with promising applications in many real-world domains. However, there are growing concerns that the current LLM watermarking schemes are…

With the rapid advancement and extensive application of artificial intelligence technology, large language models (LLMs) are extensively used to enhance production, creativity, learning, and work efficiency across various domains. However,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-09-04 Yuqing Liang , Jiancheng Xiao , Wensheng Gan , Philip S. Yu