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The emergence of online services in our daily lives has been accompanied by a range of malicious attempts to trick individuals into performing undesired actions, often to the benefit of the adversary. The most popular medium of these…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2021-06-22 Lukas Halgas , Ioannis Agrafiotis , Jason R. C. Nurse

Phishing campaigns involve adversaries masquerading as trusted vendors trying to trigger user behavior that enables them to exfiltrate private data. While URLs are an important part of phishing campaigns, communicative elements like text…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-05-14 Fengchao Chen , Tingmin Wu , Van Nguyen , Carsten Rudolph

Phishing is the combination of social engineering and technical exploits designed to convince a victim to provide personal information, usually for the monetary gain of the attacker. Phishing has become the most popular practice among the…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2011-10-04 Aanchal Jain , Vineet Richariya

Phishing is the number one threat in the world of internet. Phishing attacks are from decades and with each passing year it is becoming a major problem for internet users as attackers are coming with unique and creative ideas to breach the…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2021-04-13 Ayesha Arshad , Attique Ur Rehman , Sabeen Javaid , Tahir Muhammad Ali , Javed Anjum Sheikh , Muhammad Azeem

Phishing emails continue to pose a significant threat to cybersecurity by exploiting human vulnerabilities through deceptive content and malicious payloads. While Machine Learning (ML) models are effective at detecting phishing threats,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-11-07 Paulo Mendes , Eva Maia , Isabel Praça

Phishing continues to be one of the most prevalent attack vectors, making accurate classification of phishing URLs essential. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising results in phishing URL detection. However,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-01-29 Holly Trikilis , Pasindu Marasinghe , Fariza Rashid , Suranga Seneviratne

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to detect phishing emails is primarily dependent on large-scale centralized datasets, which opens it up to a myriad of privacy, trust, and legal issues. Moreover, organizations are loathed to share…

Phishing attacks on enterprise employees present one of the most costly and potent threats to organizations. We explore an understudied facet of enterprise phishing attacks: the email relay infrastructure behind successfully delivered…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-12-18 Elisa Luo , Liane Young , Grant Ho , M. H. Afifi , Marco Schweighauser , Ethan Katz-Bassett , Asaf Cidon

This paper investigates the effectiveness of large language models (LLMs) in email spam detection by comparing prominent models from three distinct families: BERT-like, Sentence Transformers, and Seq2Seq. Additionally, we examine…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-05-09 Maxime Labonne , Sean Moran

The Uniform Resource Locator (URL), introduced in a connectivity-first era to define access and locate resources, remains historically limited, lacking future-proof mechanisms for security, trust, or resilience against fraud and abuse,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-02-04 Najmul Hasan , Prashanth BusiReddyGari

Despite technical and non-technical countermeasures, humans continue to be tricked by phishing emails. How users make email response decisions is a missing piece in the puzzle to identifying why people still fall for phishing emails. We…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-01-25 Asangi Jayatilaka , Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage , Muhammad Ali Babar

Phishing remains a pervasive and growing threat, inflicting heavy economic and reputational damage. While machine learning has been effective in real-time detection of phishing attacks, progress is hindered by lack of large, high-quality…

In this paper, we present findings from a large-scale and long-term phishing experiment that we conducted in collaboration with a partner company. Our experiment ran for 15 months during which time more than 14,000 study participants…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2021-12-15 Daniele Lain , Kari Kostiainen , Srdjan Capkun

In this paper, we evaluate the capability of large language models to conduct personalized phishing attacks and compare their performance with human experts and AI models from last year. We include four email groups with a combined total of…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-12-03 Fred Heiding , Simon Lermen , Andrew Kao , Bruce Schneier , Arun Vishwanath

Phishing is a major problem on the Web. Despite the significant attention it has received over the years, there has been no definitive solution. While the state-of-the-art solutions have reasonably good performance, they require a large…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2016-04-26 Samuel Marchal , Kalle Saari , Nidhi Singh , N. Asokan

Phishing websites are everywhere, and countermeasures based on static blocklists cannot cope with such a threat. To address this problem, state-of-the-art solutions entail the application of machine learning (ML) to detect phishing websites…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2023-11-29 Ajka Draganovic , Savino Dambra , Javier Aldana Iuit , Kevin Roundy , Giovanni Apruzzese

Phishing is a persistent cybersecurity threat in today's digital landscape. This paper introduces Phishsense-1B, a refined version of the Llama-Guard-3-1B model, specifically tailored for phishing detection and reasoning. This adaptation…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-03-17 SE Blake

Web phishing remains a serious cyber threat responsible for most data breaches. Machine Learning (ML)-based anti-phishing detectors are seen as an effective countermeasure, and are increasingly adopted by web-browsers and software products.…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2022-04-05 Alsharif Abuadbba , Shuo Wang , Mahathir Almashor , Muhammed Ejaz Ahmed , Raj Gaire , Seyit Camtepe , Surya Nepal

Phishing is one of the most effective ways in which cybercriminals get sensitive details such as credentials for online banking, digital wallets, state secrets, and many more from potential victims. They do this by spamming users with…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-11-27 Tosin Ige , Christopher Kiekintveld , Aritran Piplai , Amy Waggler , Olukunle Kolade , Bolanle Hafiz Matti

With the generalization of mobile communication systems, solicitations of all kinds in the form of messages and emails are received by users with increasing proportion of malicious ones. They are customized to pass anti-spam filters and ask…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2017-06-30 P-Y. Cousin , V. Bernard , A. Lefaillet , M. Mugaruka , C. Raibaud