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The NIS2 directive requires EU Member States to ensure a consistently high level of cybersecurity by setting risk-management measures for essential and important entities. Evaluations are necessary to assess whether the required security…

A directive known as NIS2 was enacted in the European Union (EU) in late 2022. It deals particularly with European critical infrastructures, enlarging their scope substantially from an older directive that only considered the energy and…

Cybersecurity, which notoriously concerns both human and technological aspects, is becoming more and more regulated by a number of textual documents spanning several pages, such as the European GDPR Regulation and the NIS Directive. This…

The NIS Directive introduces obligations for the security of the network and information systems of operators of essential services and of digital service providers and require from the national competent authorities to assess their…

Micro and small enterprises (SMEs) remain structurally vulnerable to cyber threats while facing capacity constraints that make formal compliance burdensome. This article develops a governance design model for proportionate SME…

As digital technologies become more pervasive in society and the economy, cybersecurity incidents become more frequent and impactful. According to the NIS and NIS2 Directives, EU Member States and their Operators of Essential Services must…

Safety is becoming cybersecurity under most circumstances. This should be reflected in the Cybersecurity Resilience Act when it is proposed and agreed upon in the European Union. In this paper, we define a range of principles which this…

Large documents written in juridical language are difficult to interpret, with long sentences leading to intricate and intertwined relations between the nouns. The present paper frames this problem in the context of recent European security…

In this chapter, we review how the EU cybersecurity regulatory framework impacts providers of cloud computing services. We examine the evolving regulatory treatment of cloud services as an enabler of the EU's digital economy and question…

The introduction of the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act, the NIST Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework, and related norms demands a better understanding and implementation of novel risk analysis approaches to…

In today's digitally driven landscape, robust Information Technology (IT) risk assessment practices are essential for safeguarding systems, digital communication, and data. This paper introduces 'AssessITS', an actionable method designed to…

European digital identity initiatives are grounded in regulatory frameworks designed to ensure interoperability and robust, harmonized security standards. The evolution of these frameworks culminates in eIDAS 2.0, whose origins trace back…

Governments around the world are required to strengthen their national cybersecurity capabilities to respond effectively to the growing, changing, and sophisticated cyber threats and attacks, thus protecting society and the way of life as a…

The Cyber Security and Resilience (Network and Information Systems) Bill, introduced to Parliament in November 2025, represents the most significant reform of UK cyber security legislation in nearly a decade. This paper provides a…

The EU AI Act adopts a horizontal and adaptive approach to govern AI technologies characterised by rapid development and unpredictable emerging capabilities. To maintain relevance, the Act embeds provisions for regulatory learning. However,…

Existing cybersecurity literature lacks a source of empirical, representative data as to the true nature of cyberattacks on Critical National Infrastructure. We have obtained UK-wide data on incidents reported under the Network and…

As artificial intelligence (AI) systems grow more powerful, autonomous, and embedded in critical infrastructure, their identification and traceability become foundational to regulatory oversight and sustainable digital governance. In…

This paper presents one suggestion that comprises the authors' experience in development and implementation of systems for information security in the Automated Information Systems of the Bulgarian Armed Forces. The architecture of risk…

Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) are a fundamental tool in cybersecurity. Their ability to generalize across diverse networks is a critical factor in their effectiveness and a prerequisite for real-world applications. In this…

Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) play a crucial role in safeguarding network infrastructure against cyberattacks. As the prevalence and sophistication of these attacks increase, machine learning and deep neural network approaches…