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The PMT System of the TRIDENT Pathfinder Experiment

Next generation neutrino telescopes are highly anticipated to boost the development of neutrino astronomy. A multi-cubic-kilometer neutrino telescope, TRopIcal DEep-sea Neutrino Telescope (TRIDENT), was proposed to be built in the South…

高能物理 - 实验 · 物理学 2023-12-20 Fuyudi Zhang , Fan Hu , Shishen Xian , Wei Tian , Kun Jiang , Wenlian Li , Jianglai Liu , Peng Miao , Zhengyang Sun , Jiannan Tang , Zebo Tang , Mingxin Wang , Yan Wang , Donglian Xu , Ziping Ye

A Cost Effective Optimization of the hybrid-DOM Design for TRIDENT

TRIDENT is a planned multi-cubic-kilometer deep-sea neutrino telescope to be built in the South China Sea, designed to rapidly discover high-energy astrophysical neutrino sources with sensitivity to all neutrino flavors. Achieving this at…

高能物理 - 实验 · 物理学 2025-07-15 Hengbin Shao , Fuyudi Zhang , Qichao Chang , Shuhua Hao , Ruike Cao , Jingtao Huang , Weilun Huang , Hai Liu , Hualin Mei , Iwan Morton-Blake , Wei Tian , Yingwei Wang , Xin Xiang , Donglian Xu

Design of the Readout Electronics for the TRIDENT Pathfinder Experiment

The tRopIcal DEep-sea Neutrino Telescope (TRIDENT) is a future large-scale next-generation neutrino telescope. In September 2021, the TRIDENT pathfinder experiment (TRIDENT EXplorer, T-REX for short) completed in-situ measurements of…

仪器与探测器 · 物理学 2023-03-07 M. X. Wang , G. H. Gong , P. Miao , Z. Y. Sun , J. N. Tang , W. H. Wu , D. L. Xu

A fast tunable driver of light source for the TRIDENT Pathfinder experiment

TRIDENT (The tRopIcal DEep-sea Neutrino Telescope) is a proposed next-generation neutrino telescope to be constructed in the South China Sea. In September 2021, the TRIDENT Pathfinder experiment (TRIDENT EXplorer, T-REX for short) was…

仪器与探测器 · 物理学 2023-07-17 Jiannan Tang , Weihao Wu , Liang Li , Peng Miao , Zhengyang Sun , Mingxin Wang , Donglian Xu

A camera system for real-time optical calibration of water-based neutrino telescopes

Calibrating the optical properties within the detection medium of a neutrino telescope is crucial for determining its angular resolution and energy scale. For the next generation of neutrino telescopes planned to be constructed in deep…

仪器与探测器 · 物理学 2024-07-30 Wei Tian , Wei Zhi , Qiao Xue , Wenlian Li , Zhenyu Wei , Fan Hu , Qichao Chang , MingXin Wang , Zhengyang Sun , Xiaohui Liu , Ziping Ye , Peng Miao , Xinliang Tian , Jianglai Liu , Donglian Xu

Exploration of optimized front-end readout circuit for time measurement of large-area SiPM arrays

The detector of TRopIcal DEep-sea Neutrino Telescope (TRIDENT) will use large-area silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays combined with photomultiplier tubes to boost photon detection efficiency and pointing capability. An…

仪器与探测器 · 物理学 2025-02-06 M. X. Wang , Y. Liu , Y. Q. Tan , J. N. Tang , W. H. Wu , D. L. Xu , W. Zhi , Z. Z. Zhou

Front-end electronics development of large-area SiPM arrays for high-precision single-photon time measurement

TRopIcal DEep-sea Neutrino Telescope (TRIDENT) plans to incorporate silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) with superior time resolution in addition to photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) into its detection units, namely hybrid Digital Optical Modules…

仪器与探测器 · 物理学 2024-06-10 Wei Zhi , Ruike Cao , Jiannan Tang , Mingxin Wang , Yongqi Tan , Weihao Wu , Donglian Xu

Deep sea tests of a prototype of the KM3NeT digital optical module

The first prototype of a photo-detection unit of the future KM3NeT neutrino telescope has been deployed in the deep waters of the Mediterranean Sea. This digital optical module has a novel design with a very large photocathode area…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2015-06-19 S. Adrián-Martínez , M. Ageron , F. Aharonian , S. Aiello , A. Albert , F. Ameli , E. G. Anassontzis , M. Anghinolfi , G. Anton , S. Anvar , M. Ardid , R. de Asmundis , K. Balasi , H. Band , G. Barbarino , E. Barbarito , F. Barbato , B. Baret , S. Baron , A. Belias , E. Berbee , A. M. van den Berg , A. Berkien , V. Bertin , S. Beurthey , V. van Beveren , N. Beverini , S. Biagi , S. Bianucci , M. Billault , A. Birbas , H. Boer Rookhuizen , R. Bormuth , V. Bouche , B. Bouhadef , G. Bourlis , M. Bouwhuis , C. Bozza , R. Bruijn , J. Brunner , G. Cacopardo , L. Caillat , M. Calamai , D. Calvo , A. Capone , L. Caramete , F. Caruso , S. Cecchini , A. Ceres , R. Cereseto , C. Champion , F. Chateau , T. Chiarusi , B. Christopoulou , M. Circella , L. Classen , R. Cocimano , S. Colonges , R. Coniglione , A. Cosquer , M. Costa , P. Coyle , A. Creusot , C. Curtil , G. Cuttone , C. D'Amato , A. D'Amico , G. De Bonis , G. De Rosa , N. Deniskina , J. -J. Destelle , C. Distefano , C. Donzaud , D. Dornic , Q. Dorosti-Hasankiadeh , E. Drakopoulou7 , D. Drouhin , L. Drury , D. Durand , T. Eberl , C. Eleftheriadis , D. Elsaesser , A. Enzenhofer , P. Fermani , L. A. Fusco , D. Gajana , T. Gal , S. Galata , F. Gallo , F. Garufi , M. Gebyehu , V. Giordano , N. Gizani , R. Gracia Ruiz , K. Graf , R. Grasso , G. Grella , A. Grmek , R. Habel , H. van Haren , T. Heid , A. Heijboer , E. Heine , S. Henry , J. J. Hernandez-Rey , B. Herold , M. A. Hevinga , M. van der Hoek , J. Hofestadt , J. Hogenbirk , C. Hugon , J. Hosl , M. Imbesi , C. James , P. Jansweijer , J. Jochum , M. de Jong , M. Kadler , O. Kalekin , A. Kappes , E. Kappos , U. Katz , O. Kavatsyuk , P. Keller , G. Kieft , E. Koffeman , H. Kok , P. Kooijman , J. Koopstra , A. Korporaal , A. Kouchner , S. Koutsoukos , I. Kreykenbohm , V. Kulikovskiy , R. Lahmann , P. Lamare , G. Larosa , D. Lattuada , H. Le Provost , A. Leisos , D. Lenis , E. Leonora , M. Lindsey Clark , A. Liolios , C. D. Llorens Alvarez , H. Lohner , D. Lo Presti , F. Louis , E. Maccioni , K. Mannheim , K. Manolopoulos , A. Margiotta , O. Maris , C. Markou , J. A. Martinez-Mora , A. Martini , R. Masullo , T. Michael , P. Migliozzi , E. Migneco , A. Miraglia , C. Mollo , M. Mongelli , M. Morganti , S. Mos , Y. Moudden , P. Musico , M. Musumeci , C. Nicolaou , C. A. Nicolau , A. Orlando , A. Orzelli , K. Papageorgiou , A. Papaikonomou , R. Papaleo , G. E. Pavalas , H. Peek , C. Pellegrino , M. G. Pellegriti , C. Perrina , C. Petridou , P. Piattelli , K. Pikounis , V. Popa , Th. Pradier , M. Priede , G. Puhlhofer , S. Pulvirenti , C. Racca , F. Raffaelli , N. Randazzo , P. A. Rapidis , P. Razis , D. Real , L. Resvanis , J. Reubelt , G. Riccobene , A. Rovelli , J. Royon , M. Saldana , D. F. E. Samtleben , M. Sanguineti , A. Santangelo , P. Sapienza , I. Savvidis , J. Schmelling , J. Schnabel , M. Sedita , T. Seitz , I. Sgura , F. Simeone , I. Siotis , V. Sipala , M. Solazzo , A. Spitaleri , M. Spurio , G. Stavropoulos , J. Steijger , T. Stolarczyk , D. Stransky , M. Taiuti , G. Terreni , D. Tezier , S. Theraube , L. F. Thompson , P. Timmer , H. I. Trapierakis , L. Trasatti , A. Trovato , M. Tselengidou , A. Tsirigotis , S. Tzamarias , E. Tzamariudaki , B. Vallage , V. Van Elewyck , J. Vermeulen , P. Vernin , S. Viola , D. Vivolo , P. Werneke , L. Wiggers , J. Wilms , E. de Wolf , R. H. L. van Wooning , K. Yatkin , K. Zachariadou , E. Zonca , J. D. Zornoza , J. Zúñiga , A. Zwart

The KM3NeT multi-PMT optical module

The optical module of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope is an innovative, multi-faceted large area photodetection module. It contains 31 three-inch photomultiplier tubes in a single 0.44 m diameter pressure-resistant glass sphere. The module is…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2022-03-21 KM3NeT Collaboration

The prototype detection unit of the KM3NeT detector

A prototype detection unit of the KM3NeT deep-sea neutrino telescope has been installed at 3500m depth 80km offshore the Italian coast. KM3NeT in its final configuration will contain several hundreds of detection units. Each detection unit…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2016-04-06 KM3NeT Collaboration , S. Adrián-Martínez , M. Ageron , F. Aharonian , S. Aiello , A. Albert , F. Ameli , E. G. Anassontzis , G. C. Androulakis , M. Anghinolfi , G. Anton , S. Anvar , M. Ardid , T. Avgitas , K. Balasi , H. Band , G. Barbarino , E. Barbarito , F. Barbato , B. Baret , S. Baron , J. Barrios , A. Belias , E. Berbee , A. M. van den Berg , A. Berkien , V. Bertin , S. Beurthey , V. van Beveren , N. Beverini , S. Biagi , A. Biagioni , S. Bianucci , M. Billault , A. Birbas , H. Boer Rookhuizen , R. Bormuth , V. Bouché , B. Bouhadef , G. Bourlis , C. Boutonnet , M. Bouwhuis , C. Bozza , R. Bruijn , J. Brunner , G. Cacopardo , L. Caillat , M. Calamai , D. Calvo , A. Capone , L. Caramete , F. Caruso , S. Cecchini , A. Ceres , R. Cereseto , C. Champion , F. Château , T. Chiarusi , B. Christopoulou , M. Circella , L. Classen , R. Cocimano , A. Coleiro , S. Colonges , R. Coniglione , A. Cosquer , M. Costa , P. Coyle , A. Creusot , G. Cuttone , C. D'Amato , A. D'Amico , G. De Bonis , G. De Rosa , N. Deniskina , J. -J. Destelle , C. Distefano , F. Di Capua , C. Donzaud , D. Dornic , Q. Dorosti-Hasankiadeh , E. Drakopoulou , D. Drouhin , L. Drury , D. Durand , T. Eberl , D. Elsaesser , A. Enzenhöfer , P. Fermani , L. A. Fusco , D. Gajanana , T. Gal , S. Galatà , F. Garufi , M. Gebyehu , V. Giordano , N. Gizani , R. GraciaRuiz , K. Graf , R. Grasso , G. Grella , A. Grmek , R. Habel , H. van Haren , T. Heid , A. Heijboer , E. Heine , S. Henry , J. J. Hernández-Rey , B. Herold , M. A. Hevinga , M. van der Hoek , J. Hofestädt , J. Hogenbirk , C. Hugon , J. Hößl , M. Imbesi , C. W. James , P. Jansweijer , J. Jochum , M. de Jong , M. Jongen , M. Kadler , O. Kalekin , A. Kappes , E. Kappos , U. Katz , O. Kavatsyuk , P. Keller , G. Kieft , E. Koffeman , H. Kok , P. Kooijman , J. Koopstra , A. Korporaal , A. Kouchner , I. Kreykenbohm , V. Kulikovskiy , R. Lahmann , P. Lamare , G. Larosa , D. Lattuada , H. Le Provost , K. P. Leismüller , A. Leisos , D. Lenis , E. Leonora , M. LindseyClark , C. D. Llorens Alvarez , H. Löhner , A. Lonardo , S. Loucatos , F. Louis , E. Maccioni , K. Mannheim , K. Manolopoulos , A. Margiotta , O. Mariş , C. Markou , J. A. Martínez-Mora , A. Martini , R. Masullo , K. W. Melis , T. Michael , P. Migliozzi , E. Migneco , A. Miraglia , C. M. Mollo , M. Mongelli , M. Morganti , S. Mos , Y. Moudden , P. Musico , M. Musumeci , C. Nicolaou , C. A. Nicolau , A. Orlando , A. Orzelli , A. Papaikonomou , R. Papaleo , G. E. Păvălaş , H. Peek , C. Pellegrino , M. G. Pellegriti , C. Perrina , P. Piattelli , K. Pikounis , V. Popa , Th. Pradier , M. Priede , G. Pühlhofer , S. Pulvirenti , C. Racca , F. Raffaelli , N. Randazzo , P. A. Rapidis , P. Razis , D. Real , L. Resvanis , J. Reubelt , G. Riccobene , A. Rovelli , M. Saldaña , D. F. E. Samtleben , M. Sanguineti , A. Santangelo , P. Sapienza , J. Schmelling , J. Schnabel , V. Sciacca , M. Sedita , T. Seitz , I. Sgura , F. Simeone , V. Sipala , A. Spitaleri , M. Spurio , G. Stavropoulos , J. Steijger , T. Stolarczyk , D. Stransky , M. Taiuti , G. Terreni , D. Tézier , S. Théraube , L. F. Thompson , P. Timmer , L. Trasatti , A. Trovato , M. Tselengidou , A. Tsirigotis , S. Tzamarias , E. Tzamariudaki , B. Vallage , V. Van Elewyck , J. Vermeulen , P. Vernin , P. Vicini , S. Viola , D. Vivolo , P. Werneke , L. Wiggers , J. Wilms , E. de Wolf , R. H. L. van Wooning , E. Zonca , J. D. Zornoza , J. Zúñiga , A. Zwart

Timing Calibration of the ANTARES Neutrino Telescope

On May 2008 the ANTARES collaboration completed the installation of a neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea. This detector consists of a tridimensional array of almost 900 photomultipliers (PMTs) distributed in 12 lines. These PMTs…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2009-11-17 Juan Pablo Gomez-Gonzalez

KM3NeT front-end and readout electronics system: hardware, firmware and software

The KM3NeT research infrastructure being built at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea will host water-Cherenkov telescopes for the detection of cosmic neutrinos. The neutrino telescopes will consist of large volume three-dimensional grids…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2019-08-13 The KM3NeT Collaboration , S. Aiello , F. Ameli , M. Andre , G. Androulakis , M. Anghinolfi , G. Anton , M. Ardid , J. Aublin , C. Bagatelas , G. Barbarino , B. Baret , S. Basegmez du Pree , A. Belias , E. Berbee , A. M. van den Berg , V. Bertin , V. van Beveren , S. Biagi , A. Biagioni , S. Bianucci , M. Billault , M. Bissinger , P. Bos , J. Boumaaza , S. Bourret , M. Bouta , G. Bouvet , M. Bouwhuis , C. Bozza , H. Brânzaş , M. Briel , M. Bruchner , R. Bruijn , J. Brunner , E. Buis , R. Buompane , J. Busto , D. Calvo , A. Capone , S. Celli , M. Chabab , N. Chau , S. Cherubini , V. Chiarella , T. Chiarusi , M. Circella , R. Cocimano , J. , A. , B. Coelho , A. Coleiro , M. Colomer Molla , S. Colonges , R. Coniglione , P. Coyle , A. Creusot , G. Cuttone , C. D'Amato , A. D'Amico , A. D'Onofrio , R. Dallier , M. De Palma , I. Di Palma , A. F. Díaz , D. Diego-Tortosa , C. Distefano , A. Domi , R. Donà , C. Donzaud , D. Dornic , M. Dörr , M. Durocher , T. Eberl , T. van Eeden , I. El Bojaddaini , H. Eljarrari , D. Elsaesser , A. Enzenhöfer , P. Fermani , G. Ferrara , M. D. Filipović , L. A. Fusco , D. Gajanana , T. Gal , A. Garcia Soto , F. Garufi , L. Gialanella , E. Giorgio , A. Giuliante , S. R. Gozzini , R. Gracia , K. Graf , D. Grasso , T. Grégoire , G. Grella , D. Guderian , C. Guidi , S. Hallmann , H. Hamdaoui , H. van Haren , A. Heijboer , A. Hekalo , J. J. Hernández-Rey , J. Hofestädt , F. Huang , E. Huesca Santiago , G. Illuminati , C. W. James , P. Jansweijer , M. Jongen , M. de Jong , P. de Jong , M. Kadler , P. Kalaczyński , O. Kalekin , U. F. Katz , N. R. Khan Chowdhury , F. van der Knaap , E. N. Koffeman , P. Kooijman , A. Kouchner , M. Kreter , V. Kulikovskiy , Meghna K. K. , R. Lahmann , G. Larosa , R. Le Breton , F. Leone , E. Leonora , G. Levi , M. Lincetto , A. Lonardo , F. Longhitano , D. Lopez-Coto , G. Maggi , J. Mańczak , K. Mannheim , A. Margiotta , A. Marinelli , C. Markou , G. Martignac , L. Martin , J. A. Martínez-Mora , A. Martini , F. Marzaioli , S. Mazzou , R. Mele , K. W. Melis , P. Migliozzi , E. Migneco , P. Mijakowski , L. S. Miranda , C. M. Mollo , M. Morganti , M. Moser , A. Moussa , R. Muller , P. Musico , M. Musumeci , L. Nauta , S. Navas , C. A. Nicolau , C. Nielsen , B. Ó Fearraigh , M. Organokov , A. Orlando , V. Panagopoulos , G. Papalashvili , R. Papaleo , C. Pastore , G. E. Păvălaş , G. Pellegrini , C. Pellegrino , M. Perrin-Terrin , P. Piattelli , K. Pikounis , O. Pisanti , C. Poirè , G. Polydefki , V. Popa , M. Post , T. Pradier , G. Pühlhofer , S. Pulvirenti , L. Quinn , F. Raffaelli , N. Randazzo , A. Rapicavoli , S. Razzaque , D. Real , S. Reck , J. Reubelt , G. Riccobene , M. Richer , L. Rigalleau , A. Rovelli , I. Salvadori , D. F. E. Samtleben , A. Sánchez Losa , M. Sanguineti , A. Santangelo , D. Santonocito , P. Sapienza , J. Schmelling , J. Schnabel , V. Sciacca , J. Seneca , I. Sgura , R. Shanidze , A. Sharma , F. Simeone , A. Sinopoulou , B. Spisso , M. Spurio , D. Stavropoulos , J. Steijger , S. M. Stellacci , B. Strandberg , D. Stransky , M. Taiuti , Y. Tayalati , E. Tenllado , T. Thakore , P. Timmer , S. Tingay , E. Tzamariudaki , D. Tzanetatos , V. Van Elewyck , F. Versari , S. Viola , D. Vivolo , G. de Wasseige , J. Wilms , R. Wojaczyński , E. de Wolf , D. Zaborov , A. Zegarelli , J. D. Zornoza , J. Zúñiga

Simulation study on the optical processes at deep-sea neutrino telescope sites

The performance of a large-scale water Cherenkov neutrino telescope relies heavily on the transparency of the surrounding water, quantified by its level of light absorption and scattering. A pathfinder experiment was carried out to measure…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2023-06-28 Fan Hu , Zhenyu Wei , Wei Tian , Ziping Ye , Fuyudi Zhang , Zhengyang Sun , Wei Zhi , Qichao Chang , Qiao Xue , Zhuo Li , Donglian Xu

A multi-PMT Optical Module for the IceCube Upgrade

Following the first observation of an astrophysical high-energy neutrino flux with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory in 2013 and the identification of a first cosmic high-energy neutrino source in 2017, the detector will be upgraded with…

高能天体物理现象 · 物理学 2019-08-29 Lew Classen , Alexander Kappes , Timo Karg

The Light Source of the TRIDENT Pathfinder Experiment

In September 2021, a site scouting mission known as the TRIDENT pathfinder experiment (TRIDENT EXplorer, T-REX for short) was conducted in the South China Sea with the goal of envisaging a next-generation multi-cubic-kilometer neutrino…

天体物理仪器与方法 · 物理学 2025-01-30 Wenlian Li , Xiaohui Liu , Wei Tian , Fuyudi Zhang , Shishen Xian , Mingxin Wang , Jiannan Tang , Fan Hu , Ziping Ye , Peng Miao , Zhengyang Sun , Donglian Xu

Design and Evaluation of a PMT High-Voltage system for Deepsea Neutrino Telescope

We present the design and characterization of a Cockcroft--Walton (CW) high-voltage (HV) system developed for deep-sea neutrino telescopes. The system provides independently adjustable bias voltages for 31 three-inch photomultiplier tubes…

高能物理 - 实验 · 物理学 2026-04-24 Zhu Mao , Shasha Liu , Ruike Cao , Hengbin Shao , Yaowei Guo , Sirui Wang , Fuyudi Zhang , Haoyan Zhang , Tailin Zhu , Yixi Jiang , Hao Zhou , Xin Xiang , Lei Wang

PMm2: large photomultipliers and innovative electronics for the next-generation neutrino experiments

The next generation of proton decay and neutrino experiments, the post-SuperKamiokande detectors as those that will take place in megaton size water tanks, will require very large surfaces of photodetection and a large volume of data. Even…

仪器与探测器 · 物理学 2009-11-13 B. Genolini , P. Barrillon , S. Blin , J. -E. Campagne , B. Combettes , S. Conforti , A. -G. De-haine , D. Duchesneau , F. Dulucq , N. Dumont-Dayot , J. Favier , F. Fouché , R. Hermel , C. de La Taille , G. Martin-Chassard , T. Nguyen Trung , C. Périnet , J. Peyré , J. Pouthas , L. Raux , E. Rindel , P. Rosier , J. Tassan-Viol , W. Wei , A. Zghiche

Towards the ultimate PMT waveform analysis for neutrino and dark matter experiments

Photomultiplier tube (PMT) voltage waveforms are the raw data of many neutrino and dark matter experiments. Waveform analysis is the cornerstone of data processing. We evaluate the performance of all the waveform analysis algorithms known…

仪器与探测器 · 物理学 2022-07-04 Dacheng Xu , Benda Xu , Erjin Bao , Yiyang Wu , Aiqiang Zhang , Yuyi Wang , Geliang Zhang , Yu Xu , Ziyi Guo , Jihui Pei , Hanyang Mao , Jiashuo Liu , Zhe Wang , Shaomin Chen

Cryogenic R5912-20Mod Photomultiplier Tube Characterization for the ProtoDUNE Dual Phase Detector

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a dual-site experiment for long baseline neutrino oscillation studies, and for neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. The far detector is a 40-kton underground liquid argon…

仪器与探测器 · 物理学 2018-11-14 D. Belver , E. Calvo , C. Cuesta , A. Gallego-Ros , I. Gil-Botella , S. Jiménez , C. Lastoria , T. Lux , C. Palomares , D. Redondo , F. Sanchez , J. Soto-Oton , A. Verdugo

Calibrating the photon detection efficiency in IceCube

The IceCube neutrino observatory is composed of more than five thousand light sensors, Digital Optical Modules (DOMs), installed on the surface and at depths between 1450 and 2450 m in clear ice at the South Pole. Each DOM incorporates a…

仪器与探测器 · 物理学 2015-11-10 Delia Tosi , Christopher Wendt