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Visual Language Models (VLMs) have become foundational models for document understanding tasks, widely used in the processing of complex multimodal documents across domains such as finance, law, and academia. However, documents often…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-07-17 Chunxue Xu , Yiwei Wang , Bryan Hooi , Yujun Cai , Songze Li

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current methods and metrics used to evaluate the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in code generation tasks. With the rapid growth in demand for automated software development,…

软件工程 · 计算机科学 2025-03-05 Liguo Chen , Qi Guo , Hongrui Jia , Zhengran Zeng , Xin Wang , Yijiang Xu , Jian Wu , Yidong Wang , Qing Gao , Jindong Wang , Wei Ye , Shikun Zhang

Watermarking has recently emerged as an effective strategy for detecting the generations of large language models (LLMs). The strength of a watermark typically depends strongly on the entropy afforded by the language model and the set of…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-02-05 Dara Bahri , John Wieting

Watermarking techniques offer a promising way to identify machine-generated content via embedding covert information into the contents generated from language models (LMs). However, the robustness of the watermarking schemes has not been…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-07-04 Ruibo Chen , Yihan Wu , Junfeng Guo , Heng Huang

Deep neural networks have recently achieved significant progress. Sharing trained models of these deep neural networks is very important in the rapid progress of researching or developing deep neural network systems. At the same time, it is…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2018-02-07 Yusuke Uchida , Yuki Nagai , Shigeyuki Sakazawa , Shin'ichi Satoh

Training data detection is critical for enforcing copyright and data licensing, as Large Language Models (LLM) are trained on massive text corpora scraped from the internet. We present SPECTRA, a watermarking approach that makes training…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-03-25 Pranav Shetty , Mirazul Haque , Petr Babkin , Zhiqiang Ma , Xiaomo Liu , Manuela Veloso

Modern software systems require code that is not only functional but also maintainable and well-structured. Although Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to automate software development, most studies focus on isolated,…

软件工程 · 计算机科学 2025-11-14 Wasique Islam Shafin , Md Nakhla Rafi , Zhenhao Li , Tse-Hsun Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have witnessed a meteoric rise in popularity among the general public users over the past few months, facilitating diverse downstream tasks with human-level accuracy and proficiency. Prompts play an essential…

多媒体 · 计算机科学 2023-11-29 Hongwei Yao , Jian Lou , Kui Ren , Zhan Qin

Recent advances of large language models in the field of Verilog generation have raised several ethical and security concerns, such as code copyright protection and dissemination of malicious code. Researchers have employed watermarking…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-01-07 Kun Wang , Kaiyan Chang , Mengdi Wang , Xinqi Zou , Haobo Xu , Yinhe Han , Ying Wang

Recently, watermarking schemes for large language models (LLMs) have been proposed to distinguish text generated by machines and by humans. The present paper explores philosophical, political, and ethical ramifications of implementing and…

计算机与社会 · 计算机科学 2024-03-12 Tim Räz

Although deep neural networks have made tremendous progress in the area of multimedia representation, training neural models requires a large amount of data and time. It is well-known that utilizing trained models as initial weights often…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2018-02-09 Yuki Nagai , Yusuke Uchida , Shigeyuki Sakazawa , Shin'ichi Satoh

With the rapid development of cloud-based services, large language models have become increasingly accessible through various web platforms. However, this accessibility has also led to growing risks of model abuse. LLM watermarking has…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-04-28 Hao Li , Yubing Ren , Yanan Cao , Yingjie Li , Fang Fang , Shi Wang , Li Guo

In recent years, tremendous success has been witnessed in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), widely used to enhance Large Language Models (LLMs) in domain-specific, knowledge-intensive, and privacy-sensitive tasks. However, attackers may…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-01-10 Peizhuo Lv , Mengjie Sun , Hao Wang , Xiaofeng Wang , Shengzhi Zhang , Yuxuan Chen , Kai Chen , Limin Sun

As artificial intelligence surpasses human capabilities in text generation, the necessity to authenticate the origins of AI-generated content has become paramount. Unbiased watermarks offer a powerful solution by embedding statistical…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-08-07 Ruibo Chen , Yihan Wu , Junfeng Guo , Heng Huang

With the widespread adoption of open-source code language models (code LMs), intellectual property (IP) protection has become an increasingly critical concern. While current watermarking techniques have the potential to identify the code LM…

编程语言 · 计算机科学 2025-09-18 Boyu Zhang , Ping He , Tianyu Du , Xuhong Zhang , Lei Yun , Kingsum Chow , Jianwei Yin

The huge supporting training data on the Internet has been a key factor in the success of deep learning models. However, this abundance of public-available data also raises concerns about the unauthorized exploitation of datasets for…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2023-04-11 Ruixiang Tang , Qizhang Feng , Ninghao Liu , Fan Yang , Xia Hu

In this paper, we study the problem of watermarking large language models (LLMs). We consider the trade-off between model distortion and detection ability and formulate it as a constrained optimization problem based on the red-green list…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-04-08 Zhongze Cai , Shang Liu , Hanzhao Wang , Huaiyang Zhong , Xiaocheng Li

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for text generation, watermarking has become essential for authorship attribution, intellectual property protection, and misuse detection. While existing watermarking methods perform…

With the advent of large language models (LLMs), numerous software service providers (SSPs) are dedicated to developing LLMs customized for code generation tasks, such as CodeLlama and Copilot. However, these LLMs can be leveraged by…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-04-22 Kaiwen Ning , Jiachi Chen , Qingyuan Zhong , Tao Zhang , Yanlin Wang , Wei Li , Jingwen Zhang , Jianxing Yu , Yuming Feng , Weizhe Zhang , Zibin Zheng

Potential harms of large language models can be mitigated by watermarking model output, i.e., embedding signals into generated text that are invisible to humans but algorithmically detectable from a short span of tokens. We propose a…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-05-03 John Kirchenbauer , Jonas Geiping , Yuxin Wen , Jonathan Katz , Ian Miers , Tom Goldstein