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This article establishes a rigorous spectral framework for the mathematical analysis of SHAP values. We show that any predictive model defined on a discrete or multi-valued input space admits a generalized Fourier expansion with respect to…

最优化与控制 · 数学 2025-11-04 Roberto Morales

SHAP explanations are a popular feature-attribution mechanism for explainable AI. They use game-theoretic notions to measure the influence of individual features on the prediction of a machine learning model. Despite a lot of recent…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2021-02-02 Guy Van den Broeck , Anton Lykov , Maximilian Schleich , Dan Suciu

Explaining machine learning (ML) predictions has become crucial as ML models are increasingly deployed in high-stakes domains such as healthcare. While SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) is widely used for model interpretability, it fails…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-09-03 Woon Yee Ng , Li Rong Wang , Siyuan Liu , Xiuyi Fan

With origins in game theory, probabilistic values like Shapley values, Banzhaf values, and semi-values have emerged as a central tool in explainable AI. They are used for feature attribution, data attribution, data valuation, and more.…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-01-14 R. Teal Witter , Yurong Liu , Christopher Musco

The allure of aesthetic appeal in images captivates our senses, yet the underlying intricacies of aesthetic preferences remain elusive. In this study, we pioneer a novel perspective by utilizing several different machine learning (ML)…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-05-29 Derya Soydaner , Johan Wagemans

For around a decade, non-symbolic methods have been the option of choice when explaining complex machine learning (ML) models. Unfortunately, such methods lack rigor and can mislead human decision-makers. In high-stakes uses of ML, the lack…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2026-05-28 Olivier Létoffé , Xuanxiang Huang , Joao Marques-Silva

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) aims to help human decision-makers in understanding complex machine learning (ML) models. One of the hallmarks of XAI are measures of relative feature importance, which are theoretically justified…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2024-02-12 Joao Marques-Silva , Xuanxiang Huang

In recent years, two parallel research trends have emerged in machine learning, yet their intersections remain largely unexplored. On one hand, there has been a significant increase in literature focused on Individual Treatment Effect (ITE)…

统计方法学 · 统计学 2025-05-05 David Svensson , Erik Hermansson , Nikolaos Nikolaou , Konstantinos Sechidis , Ilya Lipkovich

Post-hoc explanations are widely used to justify, contest, and review automated decisions in high-stakes domains such as lending, employment, and healthcare. Among these methods, SHAP is often treated as providing a reliable account of…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-01-27 Hyunseung Hwang , Seungeun Lee , Lucas Rosenblatt , Steven Euijong Whang , Julia Stoyanovich

Attribution scores reflect how important the feature values in an input entity are for the output of a machine learning model. One of the most popular attribution scores is the SHAP score, which is an instantiation of the general Shapley…

Recently, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) has been widely utilized in various research domains. This is particularly evident in application fields, where SHAP analysis serves as a crucial tool for identifying biomarkers and assisting…

统计计算 · 统计学 2026-02-02 Kyungjin Kim , Youngro Lee , Jongmo Seo

Explaining the predictions of opaque machine learning algorithms is an important and challenging task, especially as complex models are increasingly used to assist in high-stakes decisions such as those arising in healthcare and finance.…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-06-29 David S. Watson

SHAP is a popular method for measuring variable importance in machine learning models. In this paper, we study the algorithm used to estimate SHAP scores and outline its connection to the functional ANOVA decomposition. We use this…

统计方法学 · 统计学 2022-11-14 Andrew Herren , P. Richard Hahn

The increasing development in the consumer credit card market brings substantial regulatory and risk management challenges. The advanced machine learning models applications bring concerns about model transparency and fairness for both…

风险管理 · 定量金融 2025-12-08 Luyun Lin , Yiqing Wang

Feature attribution methods such as SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) have become instrumental in understanding machine learning models, but their role in guiding model optimization remains underexplored. In this paper, we propose a…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-08-01 Amal Saadallah

With the adoption of machine learning into routine clinical practice comes the need for Explainable AI methods tailored to medical applications. Shapley values have sparked wide interest for locally explaining models. Here, we demonstrate…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-02-02 Lucile Ter-Minassian , Sahra Ghalebikesabi , Karla Diaz-Ordaz , Chris Holmes

Explainable AI (XAI) is widely used to analyze AI systems' decision-making, such as providing counterfactual explanations for recourse. When unexpected explanations occur, users may want to understand the training data properties shaping…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-03-26 André Artelt , Barbara Hammer

Multi-label classification is a type of classification task, it is used when there are two or more classes, and the data point we want to predict may belong to none of the classes or all of them at the same time. In the real world, many…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-04-26 Shikun Chen

Understanding why a model makes a certain prediction can be as crucial as the prediction's accuracy in many applications. However, the highest accuracy for large modern datasets is often achieved by complex models that even experts struggle…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2017-11-28 Scott Lundberg , Su-In Lee

Continual Learning trains models on a stream of data, with the aim of learning new information without forgetting previous knowledge. Given the dynamic nature of such environments, explaining the predictions of these models can be…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-06-21 Andrea Cossu , Francesco Spinnato , Riccardo Guidotti , Davide Bacciu