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The increasing size of the Key-Value (KV) cache during the Large Language Models long-context inference is the main obstacle for its balance between the deployment cost and task accuracy. To reduce the KV cache size in such scenarios, most…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-07-25 Manlai Liang , JiaMing Zhang , Xiong Li , Jinlong Li

With the skyrocketing costs of GPUs and their virtual instances in the cloud, there is a significant desire to use CPUs for large language model (LLM) inference. KV cache update, often implemented as allocation, copying, and in-place…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2025-11-18 Arun Ramachandran , Ramaswamy Govindarajan , Murali Annavaram , Prakash Raghavendra , Hossein Entezari Zarch , Lei Gao , Chaoyi Jiang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in generating text, images, and video content. However, as context length grows, the computational cost of attention increases quadratically with the number of tokens,…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-04-23 Neusha Javidnia , Bita Darvish Rouhani , Farinaz Koushanfar

The growing context length of Large Language Models (LLMs) enlarges the Key-Value (KV) cache, limiting deployment in resource-limited environments. Prior training-free approaches for KV cache compression typically rely on low-rank…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-03-18 Yixuan Wang , Qingyu Shi , Jiayu Zhou , Dianbo Liu , Ziwei He , Zhouhan Lin

Key-value (KV) caching is critical for efficient inference in large language models (LLMs), yet its memory footprint scales linearly with context length, resulting in a severe scalability bottleneck. Existing approaches largely treat KV…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-04-23 Gradwell Dzikanyanga , Weihao Yang , Hao Huang , Donglei Wu , Shihao Wang , Wen Xia , Sanjeeb K C

The key-value (KV) cache in large language models presents a significant memory bottleneck during inference, growing linearly with sequence length and often exceeding the memory footprint of model weights themselves. We implement and…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-01-09 Maanas Taneja , Purab Shingvi

Retrieval augmented language models have recently become the standard for knowledge intensive tasks. Rather than relying purely on latent semantics within the parameters of large neural models, these methods enlist a semi-parametric memory…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-01-24 Wenhu Chen , Pat Verga , Michiel de Jong , John Wieting , William Cohen

In long-context Large Language Model (LLM) inference, the Time-To-First-Token (TTFT) latency incurred by the prefill stage has become the foremost bottleneck limiting interactive performance and deployment cost. KV Cache reuse offers a…

硬件体系结构 · 计算机科学 2026-05-26 Fei li , Song Liu , Yan Liu , Jinhua Cui , Shiqiang Nie , Jinyu Wang , Weiguo Wu

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has predominantly catered to high-resource languages, leaving a disparity in performance for low-resource languages. Conventional Continual Training (CT) approaches to bridge this gap often…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-07-02 Tianhao Li , Shangjie Li , Binbin Xie , Deyi Xiong , Baosong Yang

Recent research has explored the memorization capacity of multi-head attention, but these findings are constrained by unrealistic limitations on the context size. We present a novel proof for language-based Transformers that extends the…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-03-11 Léo Dana , Muni Sreenivas Pydi , Yann Chevaleyre

Transformer decoders have achieved strong results across tasks, but the memory required for the KV cache becomes prohibitive at long sequence lengths. Although Cross-layer KV Cache sharing (e.g., YOCO, CLA) offers a path to mitigate KV…

The high memory demands of the Key-Value (KV) Cache during the inference of Large Language Models (LLMs) severely restrict their deployment in resource-constrained platforms. Quantization can effectively alleviate the memory pressure caused…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-02-03 Fei Li , Song Liu , Weiguo Wu , Shiqiang Nie , Jinyu Wang

While most frontier models still use deterministic frequency-based tokenization algorithms such as byte-pair encoding (BPE), there has been significant recent work to design learned neural tokenizers. However, these schemes generally add to…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-12-29 Theo Datta , Kayla Huang , Sham Kakade , David Brandfonbrener

Incorporating knowledge bases (KB) into end-to-end task-oriented dialogue systems is challenging, since it requires to properly represent the entity of KB, which is associated with its KB context and dialogue context. The existing works…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2021-09-30 Yanjie Gou , Yinjie Lei , Lingqiao Liu , Yong Dai , Chunxu Shen

The expanding context windows in large language models (LLMs) have greatly enhanced their capabilities in various applications, but they also introduce significant challenges in maintaining low latency, particularly in Time to First Token…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2024-10-10 Yi Xiong , Hao Wu , Changxu Shao , Ziqing Wang , Rui Zhang , Yuhong Guo , Junping Zhao , Ke Zhang , Zhenxuan Pan

With the development of large language models (LLMs), efficient inference through Key-Value (KV) cache compression has attracted considerable attention, especially for long-context generation. To compress the KV cache, recent methods…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-10-28 Qingyue Yang , Jie Wang , Xing Li , Zhihai Wang , Chen Chen , Lei Chen , Xianzhi Yu , Wulong Liu , Jianye Hao , Mingxuan Yuan , Bin Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the field of Artificial Intelligence. However, their deployment is resource-intensive, not only due to the large number of model parameters but also because the (Key-Value) KV cache…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-06-05 Yifeng Gu , Zicong Jiang , Jianxiu Jin , Kailing Guo , Ziyang Zhang , Xiangmin Xu

Efficiently serving large language models (LLMs) requires batching of many requests to reduce the cost per request. Yet, with larger batch sizes and longer context lengths, the key-value (KV) cache, which stores attention keys and values to…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-07-26 Zirui Liu , Jiayi Yuan , Hongye Jin , Shaochen Zhong , Zhaozhuo Xu , Vladimir Braverman , Beidi Chen , Xia Hu

A critical approach for efficiently deploying computationally demanding large language models (LLMs) is Key-Value (KV) caching. The KV cache stores key-value states of previously generated tokens, significantly reducing the need for…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-09-10 Akide Liu , Jing Liu , Zizheng Pan , Yefei He , Gholamreza Haffari , Bohan Zhuang

Recent work on KV cache quantization, culminating in TurboQuant, has approached the Shannon entropy limit for per-vector compression of transformer key-value caches. We observe that this limit applies to a strictly weaker problem than the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-04-20 Gregory Magarshak