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Watermarking techniques offer a promising way to identify machine-generated content via embedding covert information into the contents generated from language models (LMs). However, the robustness of the watermarking schemes has not been…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-07-04 Ruibo Chen , Yihan Wu , Junfeng Guo , Heng Huang

Machine-generated texts (MGTs) produced by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly prevalent across various applications, while their potential misuse in fake news propagation and phishing has raised serious concerns, highlighting the…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-05-25 Chenwang Wu , Yiu-ming Cheung , Bo Han , Defu Lian

To mitigate the potential misuse of large language models (LLMs), recent research has developed watermarking algorithms, which restrict the generation process to leave an invisible trace for watermark detection. Due to the two-stage nature…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-07-02 Shangqing Tu , Yuliang Sun , Yushi Bai , Jifan Yu , Lei Hou , Juanzi Li

The powerful ability to understand, follow, and generate complex language emerging from large language models (LLMs) makes LLM-generated text flood many areas of our daily lives at an incredible speed and is widely accepted by humans. As…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-04-22 Junchao Wu , Shu Yang , Runzhe Zhan , Yulin Yuan , Derek F. Wong , Lidia S. Chao

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have highlighted the risk of misusing them, raising the need for accurate detection of LLM-generated content. In response, a viable solution is to inject imperceptible identifiers into…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-02-11 Minjia Mao , Dongjun Wei , Zeyu Chen , Xiao Fang , Michael Chau

Text watermarking technology aims to tag and identify content produced by large language models (LLMs) to prevent misuse. In this study, we introduce the concept of cross-lingual consistency in text watermarking, which assesses the ability…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-06-05 Zhiwei He , Binglin Zhou , Hongkun Hao , Aiwei Liu , Xing Wang , Zhaopeng Tu , Zhuosheng Zhang , Rui Wang

Recently, text watermarking algorithms for large language models (LLMs) have been proposed to mitigate the potential harms of text generated by LLMs, including fake news and copyright issues. However, current watermark detection algorithms…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-05-28 Aiwei Liu , Leyi Pan , Xuming Hu , Shu'ang Li , Lijie Wen , Irwin King , Philip S. Yu

Watermarking for large language models (LLMs) offers a promising approach to identifying AI-generated text. Existing approaches, however, either compromise the distribution of original generated text by LLMs or are limited to embedding…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-06-09 Ya Jiang , Chuxiong Wu , Massieh Kordi Boroujeny , Brian Mark , Kai Zeng

Motivated by the problem of detecting AI-generated text, we consider the problem of watermarking the output of language models with provable guarantees. We aim for watermarks which satisfy: (a) undetectability, a cryptographic notion…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-05-29 Noah Golowich , Ankur Moitra

Existing watermarking methods for large language models (LLMs) mainly embed watermark by adjusting the token sampling prediction or post-processing, lacking intrinsic coupling with LLMs, which may significantly reduce the semantic quality…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-10-17 Siyuan Bao , Ying Shi , Zhiguang Yang , Hanzhou Wu , Xinpeng Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4o can help automate text classification tasks at low cost and scale. However, there are major concerns about the validity and reliability of LLM outputs. By contrast, human coding is generally more…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-01-17 Conrad Borchers , Danielle R. Thomas , Jionghao Lin , Ralph Abboud , Kenneth R. Koedinger

A recent and exciting thread of work focuses on developing methods for watermarking the output of large language models (LLMs). We focus on provably undetectable watermarking-that is, schemes that do not alter the output distribution of the…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-04-15 Noam Mazor , Andrew Morgan , Rafael Pass

We study watermarking schemes for language models with provable guarantees. As we show, prior works offer no robustness guarantees against adaptive prompting: when a user queries a language model more than once, as even benign users do. And…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-07-02 Aloni Cohen , Alexander Hoover , Gabe Schoenbach

General large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have shown remarkable success, but it has also raised concerns among people about the misuse of AI-generated texts. Therefore, an important question is how to detect whether the texts are…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-10-24 Rongsheng Wang , Qi Li , Sihong Xie

Protecting intellectual property on LLM-generated code necessitates effective watermarking systems that can operate within code's highly structured, syntactically constrained nature. In this work, we introduce CodeTracer, an innovative…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-05-26 Zhimeng Guo , Huaisheng Zhu , Siyuan Xu , Hangfan Zhang , Teng Xiao , Minhao Cheng

Large language models (LLMs) such as GPT, Claude, Gemini, and Grok have been deeply integrated into our daily life. They now support a wide range of tasks -- from dialogue and email drafting to assisting with teaching and coding, serving as…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-01-13 Hongyi Zhou , Jin Zhu , Ying Yang , Chengchun Shi

LLM watermarks allow tracing AI-generated texts by inserting a detectable signal into their generated content. Recent works have proposed a wide range of watermarking algorithms, each with distinct designs, usually built using a bottom-up…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-02-09 Thibaud Gloaguen , Robin Staab , Nikola Jovanović , Martin Vechev

Despite considerable progress in the development of machine-text detectors, it has been suggested that the problem is inherently hard, and therefore, that stakeholders should proceed under the assumption that machine-generated text cannot…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-09-30 Rafael Rivera Soto , Barry Chen , Nicholas Andrews

Watermarking algorithms for Large Language Models (LLMs) effectively identify machine-generated content by embedding and detecting hidden statistical features in text. However, such embedding leads to a decline in text quality, especially…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-10-06 Yu Zhang , Shuliang Liu , Xu Yang , Xuming Hu

The rapid advancement of customized Large Language Models (LLMs) offers considerable convenience. However, it also intensifies concerns regarding the protection of copyright/confidential information. With the extensive adoption of private…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-12-18 Yuehan Zhang , Peizhuo Lv , Yinpeng Liu , Yongqiang Ma , Wei Lu , Xiaofeng Wang , Xiaozhong Liu , Jiawei Liu