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Natural language generation (NLG) applications have gained great popularity due to the powerful deep learning techniques and large training corpus. The deployed NLG models may be stolen or used without authorization, while watermarking has…

多媒体 · 计算机科学 2021-12-13 Tao Xiang , Chunlong Xie , Shangwei Guo , Jiwei Li , Tianwei Zhang

Watermarking has recently emerged as an effective strategy for detecting the generations of large language models (LLMs). The strength of a watermark typically depends strongly on the entropy afforded by the language model and the set of…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-02-05 Dara Bahri , John Wieting

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate general intelligence across a variety of machine learning tasks, thereby enhancing the commercial value of their intellectual property (IP). To protect this IP, model owners typically allow user…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-01-14 Kaiyi Pang , Tao Qi , Chuhan Wu , Minhao Bai , Minghu Jiang , Yongfeng Huang

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performances in various NLP tasks. They can generate texts that are indistinguishable from those written by humans. Such remarkable performance of LLMs increases their…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-02-18 Yuki Takezawa , Ryoma Sato , Han Bao , Kenta Niwa , Makoto Yamada

The rapid growth of Large Language Models (LLMs) raises concerns about distinguishing AI-generated text from human content. Existing watermarking techniques, like \kgw, struggle with low watermark strength and stringent false-positive…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-05-22 Zhuang Li , Qiuping Yi , Zongcheng Ji , Yijian Lu , Yanqi Li , Keyang Xiao , Hongliang Liang

Methods for watermarking large language models have been proposed that distinguish AI-generated text from human-generated text by slightly altering the model output distribution, but they also distort the quality of the text, exposing the…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-02-27 Massieh Kordi Boroujeny , Ya Jiang , Kai Zeng , Brian Mark

As AI advances, copyrighted content faces growing risk of unauthorized use, whether through model training or direct misuse. Building upon invisible adversarial perturbation, recent works developed copyright protections against specific AI…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-06-04 Tianci Liu , Tong Yang , Quan Zhang , Qi Lei

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, but their training requires extensive data and computational resources, rendering them valuable digital assets. Therefore, it is essential to watermark LLMs to protect…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-10-21 Shuai Li , Kejiang Chen , Jun Jiang , Jie Zhang , Qiyi Yao , Kai Zeng , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu

As deep learning (DL) models are widely and effectively used in Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) platforms, there is a rapidly growing interest in DL watermarking techniques that can be used to confirm the ownership of a particular…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-11-22 Mikhail Pautov , Nikita Bogdanov , Stanislav Pyatkin , Oleg Rogov , Ivan Oseledets

As open-source large language models (LLMs) like Llama3 become more capable, it is crucial to develop watermarking techniques to detect their potential misuse. Existing watermarking methods either add watermarks during LLM inference, which…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-03-18 Yijie Xu , Aiwei Liu , Xuming Hu , Lijie Wen , Hui Xiong

We propose an imperceptible multi-bit text watermark embedded by paraphrasing with LLMs. We fine-tune a pair of LLM paraphrasers that are designed to behave differently so that their paraphrasing difference reflected in the text semantics…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-06-18 Xiaojun Xu , Jinghan Jia , Yuanshun Yao , Yang Liu , Hang Li

With the increasing use of large-language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, watermarking has emerged as a promising approach for tracing machine-generated content. However, research on LLM watermarking often relies on simple perplexity or…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2023-12-06 Karanpartap Singh , James Zou

This paper introduces EmMark,a novel watermarking framework for protecting the intellectual property (IP) of embedded large language models deployed on resource-constrained edge devices. To address the IP theft risks posed by malicious…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-02-29 Ruisi Zhang , Farinaz Koushanfar

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has made it increasingly difficult to distinguish between text written by humans and machines. Addressing this, we propose a novel method for generating watermarks that strategically…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-05-15 Georg Niess , Roman Kern

We study how to watermark LLM outputs, i.e. embedding algorithmically detectable signals into LLM-generated text to track misuse. Unlike the current mainstream methods that work with a fixed LLM, we expand the watermark design space by…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-03-19 Xiaojun Xu , Yuanshun Yao , Yang Liu

Watermarking plays a key role in the provenance and detection of AI-generated content. While existing methods prioritize robustness against real-world distortions (e.g., JPEG compression and noise addition), we reveal a fundamental…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-02-11 Zhongjie Ba , Yitao Zhang , Peng Cheng , Bin Gong , Xinyu Zhang , Qinglong Wang , Kui Ren

We study watermarking schemes for language models with provable guarantees. As we show, prior works offer no robustness guarantees against adaptive prompting: when a user queries a language model more than once, as even benign users do. And…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-07-02 Aloni Cohen , Alexander Hoover , Gabe Schoenbach

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into diverse industries, posing substantial security risks due to unauthorized replication and misuse. To mitigate these concerns, robust identification mechanisms are widely…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-07-25 Xuhong Wang , Haoyu Jiang , Yi Yu , Jingru Yu , Yilun Lin , Ping Yi , Yingchun Wang , Yu Qiao , Li Li , Fei-Yue Wang

The rapid spread of text generated by large language models (LLMs) makes it increasingly difficult to distinguish authentic human writing from machine output. Watermarking offers a promising solution: model owners can embed an imperceptible…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-11-04 Shingo Kodama , Haya Diwan , Lucas Rosenblatt , R. Teal Witter , Niv Cohen

Securing digital text is becoming increasingly relevant due to the widespread use of large language models. Individuals' fear of losing control over data when it is being used to train such machine learning models or when distinguishing…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-12-16 Malte Hellmeier