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We present new constrained and free-swimming experiments and simulations of a pair of pitching hydrofoils interacting in a minimal school. The hydrofoils have an out-of-phase synchronization and they are varied through in-line, staggered,…

Three-dimensional experiments are presented on a school of three pitching hydrofoils. Two side-by-side leader foils maintain the same relative positions while the location of a third follower foil is varied. Force and flow measurements…

Fish swimming style and schooling behaviour are two important aspects of underwater locomotion. How swimming style affects fish schooling is investigated by a representative problem setup consisting of two tethered NACA0012 hydrofoils…

Fish schools are ubiquitous in marine life. Although flow interactions are thought to be beneficial for schooling, their exact effects on the speed, energetics, and stability of the group remain elusive. Recent experiments suggest that flow…

Accurate prediction of wake dynamics behind hydrofoils is critical for mitigating vortex-induced vibrations and improving the performance of hydraulic machinery. Conventional turbulence modeling approaches often struggle to capture the…

Researchers have long debated which spatial arrangements and swimming synchronizations are beneficial for the hydrodynamic performance of fish in schools. In our previous work (Seo and Mittal, Bioinsp. Biomim., Vol. 17, 066020, 2022), we…

There is increasing evidence that fish gain energetic benefits when they swim in a school. The most recent indications of such benefits are a lower tail (or fin) beat at the back of a school and reduced oxygen consumption in schooling fish…

A classic lift decomposition (von K\'arm\'an & Sears 1938) is conducted on potential flow simulations of a near-ground pitching hydrofoil. It is discovered that previously observed stable and unstable equilibrium altitudes are generated by…

This study introduces novel physics-based scaling laws to estimate the propulsive performance of synchronously pitching foils in various schooling configurations at Re=4000. These relations are derived from quasi-steady lift-based and added…

This study examines the impact of in-phase schooling on the hydrodynamic efficiency during linear acceleration in a simplified model using two undulating NACA0012 hydrofoils arranged in phalanx formation as a minimal representation of a…

Biological locomotion, observed in the flexible wings of birds and insects, bodies and fins of aquatic mammals and fishes, consists of their ability to morph the wings/fins. The morphing capability holds significance in the abilities of…

Fish often travel in highly organized schools. One of the most quoted functions of these configurations is energy savings. Here, we verified the hypothesis and explored the mechanism through series of experiments on "schooling" robotic…

Fish schools are capable of simultaneous linear acceleration. To reveal the underlying hydrodynamic mechanism, we numerically investigate how Reynolds number $ Re = 1000 - 2000 $, Strouhal number $ St = 0.2 - 0.7 $ and wavelength $ \lambda…

We study the fluid dynamics of two fish-like bodies with synchronised swimming patterns. Our studies are based on two-dimensional simulations of viscous incompressible flows. We distinguish between motion patterns that are externally…

Many species of fish, as well as biorobotic underwater vehicles, employ body caudal fin propulsion, in which a wave-like body motion culminates in high-amplitude caudal fin oscillations to generate thrust. This study uses high fidelity…

Active particles, including swimming microorganisms, autophoretic colloids and droplets, are known to self-organize into ordered structures at fluid-solid boundaries. The entrainment of particles in the attractive parts of their spontaneous…

It has been a long-standing problem how schooling fish optimize their motion by exploiting the vortices shed by the others. A recent experimental study showed that a pair of fish reduce energy consumption by matching the phases of their…

The motion of several plates in an inviscid and incompressible fluid is studied numerically using a vortex sheet model. Two to four plates are initially placed in-line, separated by a specified distance, and actuated in the vertical…

Low Reynolds number direct simulations of large populations of hydrodynamically interacting swimming particles confined between planar walls are performed. The results of simulations are compared with a theory that describes dilute…

Oscillating foils in synchronized pitch/heave motions can be used to harvest hydrokinetic energy. By understanding the wake structure and its correlation with the foil kinematics, predictive models for how foils can operate in array…