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Counterfactual explanations are a prominent example of post-hoc interpretability methods in the explainable Artificial Intelligence research domain. They provide individuals with alternative scenarios and a set of recommendations to achieve…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2021-01-20 Andrea Ferrario , Michele Loi

The field of explainability in artificial intelligence (AI) has witnessed a growing number of studies and increasing scholarly interest. However, the lack of human-friendly and individual interpretations in explaining the outcomes of…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-02-04 Toygar Tanyel , Serkan Ayvaz , Bilgin Keserci

AI-driven outcomes can be challenging for end-users to understand. Explanations can address two key questions: "Why this outcome?" (factual) and "Why not another?" (counterfactual). While substantial efforts have been made to formalize…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-03-21 Suryani Lim , Henri Prade , Gilles Richard

Counterfactual explanations study what should have changed in order to get an alternative result, enabling end-users to understand machine learning mechanisms with counterexamples. Actionability is defined as the ability to transform the…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-08-05 Enrique Valero-Leal , Pedro Larrañaga , Concha Bielza

Currently, there is a significant amount of research being conducted in the field of artificial intelligence to improve the explainability and interpretability of deep learning models. It is found that if end-users understand the reason for…

信息检索 · 计算机科学 2023-06-02 Niloofar Ranjbar , Saeedeh Momtazi , MohammadMehdi Homayounpour

Machine learning plays a role in many deployed decision systems, often in ways that are difficult or impossible to understand by human stakeholders. Explaining, in a human-understandable way, the relationship between the input and output of…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-11-17 Sahil Verma , Varich Boonsanong , Minh Hoang , Keegan E. Hines , John P. Dickerson , Chirag Shah

Counterfactual explanations are widely used to communicate how inputs must change for a model to alter its prediction. For a single instance, many valid counterfactuals can exist, which leaves open the possibility for an explanation…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-01-09 James Hinns , Sofie Goethals , Stephan Van der Veeken , Theodoros Evgeniou , David Martens

Building interpretable parameterizations of real-world decision-making on the basis of demonstrated behavior -- i.e. trajectories of observations and actions made by an expert maximizing some unknown reward function -- is essential for…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-03-31 Ioana Bica , Daniel Jarrett , Alihan Hüyük , Mihaela van der Schaar

In this expository article we highlight the relevance of explanations for artificial intelligence, in general, and for the newer developments in {\em explainable AI}, referring to origins and connections of and among different approaches.…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2023-03-24 Leopoldo Bertossi

Ensuring fairness in anomaly detection models has received much attention recently as many anomaly detection applications involve human beings. However, existing fair anomaly detection approaches mainly focus on association-based fairness…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-03-07 Xiao Han , Lu Zhang , Yongkai Wu , Shuhan Yuan

Machine learning models that operate on graph-structured data, such as molecular graphs or social networks, often make accurate predictions but offer little insight into why certain predictions are made. Counterfactual explanations address…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-11-21 David Bechtoldt , Sidney Bender

Counterfactual explanations are one of the prominent eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques, and suggest changes to input data that could alter predictions, leading to more favourable outcomes. Existing counterfactual methods…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-05-22 Andrei Buliga , Chiara Di Francescomarino , Chiara Ghidini , Marco Montali , Massimiliano Ronzani

Transparency is an essential requirement of machine learning based decision making systems that are deployed in real world. Often, transparency of a given system is achieved by providing explanations of the behavior and predictions of the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-05-18 André Artelt , Barbara Hammer

Explaining the predictions of a deep neural network is a nontrivial task, yet high-quality explanations for predictions are often a prerequisite for practitioners to trust these models. Counterfactual explanations aim to explain predictions…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-01-16 Andreas Abildtrup Hansen , Paraskevas Pegios , Anna Calissano , Aasa Feragen

In recent years, there has been an explosion of AI research on counterfactual explanations as a solution to the problem of eXplainable AI (XAI). These explanations seem to offer technical, psychological and legal benefits over other…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-05-03 Mark T Keane , Eoin M Kenny , Eoin Delaney , Barry Smyth

Despite their enormous predictive power, machine learning models are often unsuitable for applications in regulated industries such as finance, due to their limited capacity to provide explanations. While model-agnostic frameworks such as…

机器学习 · 统计学 2025-11-03 Joshua S. Harvey , Guanchao Feng , Sai Anusha Meesala , Tina Zhao , Dhagash Mehta

The complexity of modern electro-mechanical systems require the development of sophisticated diagnostic methods like anomaly detection capable of detecting deviations. Conventional anomaly detection approaches like signal processing and…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-01-07 Abhishek Srinivasan , Varun Singapuri Ravi , Juan Carlos Andresen , Anders Holst

Deep learning-based methods have achieved a breakthrough in image anomaly detection, but their complexity introduces a considerable challenge to understanding why an instance is predicted to be anomalous. We introduce a novel explanation…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2026-01-13 Philipp Liznerski , Saurabh Varshneya , Ece Calikus , Puyu Wang , Alexander Bartscher , Sebastian Josef Vollmer , Sophie Fellenz , Marius Kloft

Counterfactual reasoning, a cornerstone of human cognition and decision-making, is often seen as the 'holy grail' of causal learning, with applications ranging from interpreting machine learning models to promoting algorithmic fairness.…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-04-11 Yahya Aalaila , Gerrit Großmann , Sumantrak Mukherjee , Jonas Wahl , Sebastian Vollmer

Automated fact checking systems have been proposed that quickly provide veracity prediction at scale to mitigate the negative influence of fake news on people and on public opinion. However, most studies focus on veracity classifiers of…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2022-06-15 Shih-Chieh Dai , Yi-Li Hsu , Aiping Xiong , Lun-Wei Ku