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Rowhammer is a hardware vulnerability in DRAM memory, where repeated access to memory can induce bit flips in neighboring memory locations. Being a hardware vulnerability, rowhammer bypasses all of the system memory protection, allowing…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2020-07-30 Zhi Zhang , Yueqiang Cheng , Dongxi Liu , Surya Nepal , Zhi Wang , Yuval Yarom

This retrospective paper describes the RowHammer problem in Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), which was initially introduced by Kim et al. at the ISCA 2014 conference~\cite{rowhammer-isca2014}. RowHammer is a prime (and perhaps the…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2019-04-23 Onur Mutlu , Jeremie S. Kim

RowHammer is a circuit-level DRAM vulnerability where repeatedly accessing (i.e., hammering) a DRAM row can cause bit flips in physically nearby rows. The RowHammer vulnerability worsens as DRAM cell size and cell-to-cell spacing shrink.…

We provide an overview of recent developments and future directions in the RowHammer vulnerability that plagues modern DRAM (Dynamic Random Memory Access) chips, which are used in almost all computing systems as main memory. RowHammer is…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2023-02-06 Onur Mutlu , Ataberk Olgun , A. Giray Yağlıkçı

Rowhammer is a read disturbance vulnerability in modern DRAM that causes bit-flips, compromising security and reliability. While extensively studied on Intel and AMD CPUs with DDR and LPDDR memories, its impact on GPUs using GDDR memories,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-07-14 Chris S. Lin , Joyce Qu , Gururaj Saileshwar

NVIDIA GPUs with GDDR memories have been shown susceptible to Rowhammer-based bit-flips, similar to CPUs. However, Rowhammer exploits on GPUs have been limited to injecting untargeted bit-flips in victim data like weights of machine…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-05-06 Chris S. Lin , Yuqin Yan , Guozhen Ding , Joyce Qu , Joseph Zhu , David Lie , Gururaj Saileshwar

As memory scales down to smaller technology nodes, new failure mechanisms emerge that threaten its correct operation. If such failure mechanisms are not anticipated and corrected, they can not only degrade system reliability and…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2017-03-03 Onur Mutlu

Rowhammer is a security vulnerability that allows unauthorized attackers to induce errors within DRAM cells. To prevent fault injections from escalating to successful attacks, a widely accepted mitigation is implementing fault checks on…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-06-12 Kemal Derya , M. Caner Tol , Berk Sunar

We will discuss the RowHammer problem in DRAM, which is a prime (and likely the first) example of how a circuit-level failure mechanism in Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) can cause a practical and widespread system security…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2019-03-28 Onur Mutlu

The Rowhammer bug allows unauthorized modification of bits in DRAM cells from unprivileged software, enabling powerful privilege-escalation attacks. Sophisticated Rowhammer countermeasures have been presented, aiming at mitigating the…

Our ISCA 2014 paper provided the first scientific and detailed characterization, analysis, and real-system demonstration of what is now popularly known as the RowHammer phenomenon (or vulnerability) in modern commodity DRAM chips, which are…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2023-06-29 Onur Mutlu

Aggressive memory density scaling causes modern DRAM devices to suffer from RowHammer, a phenomenon where rapidly activating a DRAM row can cause bit-flips in physically-nearby rows. Recent studies demonstrate that modern DRAM chips,…

The rowhammer bug allows an attacker to gain privilege escalation or steal private data. A key requirement of all existing rowhammer attacks is that an attacker must have access to at least part of an exploitable hammer row. We refer to…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2020-07-31 Zhi Zhang , Yueqiang Cheng , Dongxi Liu , Surya Nepal , Zhi Wang

Rowhammer attacks have emerged as a significant threat to modern DRAM-based memory systems, leveraging frequent memory accesses to induce bit flips in adjacent memory cells. This work-in-progress paper presents an adaptive, many-sided…

硬件体系结构 · 计算机科学 2025-09-25 Antoine Plin , Frédéric Fauberteau , Nga Nguyen

The increasing density of modern DRAM has heightened its vulnerability to Rowhammer attacks, which induce bit flips by repeatedly accessing specific memory rows. This paper presents an analysis of bit flip patterns generated by advanced…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-06-19 Andrew Adiletta , Zane Weissman , Fatemeh Khojasteh Dana , Berk Sunar , Shahin Tajik

As process technology scales down to smaller dimensions, DRAM chips become more vulnerable to disturbance, a phenomenon in which different DRAM cells interfere with each other's operation. For the first time in academic literature, our ISCA…

分布式、并行与集群计算 · 计算机科学 2016-03-03 Yoongu Kim , Ross Daly , Jeremie Kim , Chris Fallin , Ji Hye Lee , Donghyuk Lee , Chris Wilkerson , Konrad Lai , Onur Mutlu

DRAM chips are vulnerable to read disturbance phenomena (e.g., RowHammer and RowPress), where repeatedly accessing or keeping open a DRAM row causes bitflips in nearby rows. Attackers leverage RowHammer bitflips in real systems to take over…

RowHammer attacks are a growing security and reliability concern for DRAMs and computer systems as they can induce many bit errors that overwhelm error detection and correction capabilities. System-level solutions are needed as process…

硬件体系结构 · 计算机科学 2023-10-26 Steven C. Woo , Wendy Elsasser , Mike Hamburg , Eric Linstadt , Michael R. Miller , Taeksang Song , James Tringali

In recent years, Rowhammer has attracted significant attention from academia and industry alike. This technique, first published in 2014, flips bits in memory by repeatedly accessing neighbouring memory locations. Since its discovery,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-09-18 Robert Dumitru , Junpeng Wan , Daniel Genkin , Rick Kennell , Dave , Tian , Yuval Yarom

RowHammer is a major read disturbance mechanism in DRAM where repeatedly accessing (hammering) a row of DRAM cells (DRAM row) induces bitflips in other physically nearby DRAM rows. RowHammer solutions perform preventive actions (e.g.,…

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