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A CF explainer identifies the minimum modifications in the input that would alter the model's output to its complement. In other words, a CF explainer computes the minimum modifications required to cross the model's decision boundary.…

Several queries and scores have recently been proposed to explain individual predictions over ML models. Given the need for flexible, reliable, and easy-to-apply interpretability methods for ML models, we foresee the need for developing…

As an important step to fulfill the Paris Agreement and achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, the European Commission adopted the most ambitious package of climate impact measures in April 2021 to improve the flow of capital towards…

[Context] The increasing adoption of machine learning (ML) in software systems demands specialized ideation approaches that address ML-specific challenges, including data dependencies, technical feasibility, and alignment between business…

Deep Neural Networks have often been called the black box because of the complex, deep architecture and non-transparency presented by the inner layers. There is a lack of trust to use Artificial Intelligence in critical and high-precision…

Decisions in organizations are about evaluating alternatives and choosing the one that would best serve organizational goals. To the extent that the evaluation of alternatives could be formulated as a predictive task with appropriate…

Black box neural networks are an indispensable part of modern robots. Nevertheless, deploying such high-stakes systems in real-world scenarios poses significant challenges when the stakeholders, such as engineers and legislative bodies,…

Smart home environments are designed to provide services that help improve the quality of life for the occupant via a variety of sensors and actuators installed throughout the space. Many automated actions taken by a smart home are governed…

Black-box explanation is the problem of explaining how a machine learning model -- whose internal logic is hidden to the auditor and generally complex -- produces its outcomes. Current approaches for solving this problem include model…

Machine learning models in safety-critical settings like healthcare are often blackboxes: they contain a large number of parameters which are not transparent to users. Post-hoc explainability methods where a simple, human-interpretable…

In this study, we propose Explainable Multimodal Machine Learning (EMML), which integrates the analysis of diverse data types (multimodal data) using factor analysis for feature extraction with Explainable AI (XAI), for carbon nanotube…

Machine Learning (ML) is increasingly used to implement advanced applications with non-deterministic behavior, which operate on the cloud-edge continuum. The pervasive adoption of ML is urgently calling for assurance solutions assessing…

Recent engineering developments in specialised computational hardware, data-acquisition and storage technology have seen the emergence of Machine Learning (ML) as a powerful form of data analysis with widespread applicability beyond its…

The rise of machine learning (ML) is accompanied by several high-profile cases that have stressed the need for fairness, accountability, explainability and trust in ML systems. The existing literature has largely focused on fully automated…

Machine learning accelerates molecular property prediction, yet state-of-the-art Large Language Models and Graph Neural Networks operate as black boxes. In drug discovery, where safety is critical, this opacity risks masking false…

Explainable machine learning offers the potential to provide stakeholders with insights into model behavior by using various methods such as feature importance scores, counterfactual explanations, or influential training data. Yet there is…

BPMN is a specification language widely used by industry and researchers for business process modeling and execution. It defines clearly how to articulate its concepts, but do not provide mechanism to represent the semantics of the produced…

Climate change demands effective legislative action to mitigate its impacts. This study explores the application of machine learning (ML) to understand the progression of climate policy from announcement to adoption, focusing on policies…

With the long term accumulation of high quality educational data, artificial intelligence has shown excellent performance in knowledge tracing. However, due to the lack of interpretability and transparency of some algorithms, this approach…

Carbon footprint quantification is key to well-informed decision making over carbon reduction potential, both for individuals and for companies. Many carbon footprint case studies for products and services have been circulated recently. Due…