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Watermarking is a technical means to dissuade malfeasant usage of Large Language Models. This paper proposes a novel watermarking scheme, so-called WaterMax, that enjoys high detectability while sustaining the quality of the generated text…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-10-21 Eva Giboulot , Teddy Furon

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced the usability of AI-generated code, providing effective assistance to programmers. This advancement also raises ethical and legal concerns, such as academic dishonesty or the…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-08-04 Boquan Li , Zirui Fu , Mengdi Zhang , Peixin Zhang , Jun Sun , Xingmei Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) can be misused to spread unwanted content at scale. Content watermarking deters misuse by hiding messages in content, enabling its detection using a secret watermarking key. Robustness is a core security…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-05-22 Abdulrahman Diaa , Toluwani Aremu , Nils Lukas

With the increasing use of large language models (LLMs) in daily life, concerns have emerged regarding their potential misuse and societal impact. Watermarking is proposed to trace the usage of specific models by injecting patterns into…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-05-24 Baizhou Huang , Xiaojun Wan

In this paper, we study the problem of watermarking large language models (LLMs). We consider the trade-off between model distortion and detection ability and formulate it as a constrained optimization problem based on the red-green list…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-04-08 Zhongze Cai , Shang Liu , Hanzhao Wang , Huaiyang Zhong , Xiaocheng Li

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performances in various NLP tasks. They can generate texts that are indistinguishable from those written by humans. Such remarkable performance of LLMs increases their…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2025-02-18 Yuki Takezawa , Ryoma Sato , Han Bao , Kenta Niwa , Makoto Yamada

Software watermarking allows for embedding a mark into a piece of code, such that any attempt to remove the mark will render the code useless. Provably secure watermarking schemes currently seems limited to programs computing various…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-10-15 Jiahui Liu , Mark Zhandry

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into diverse industries, posing substantial security risks due to unauthorized replication and misuse. To mitigate these concerns, robust identification mechanisms are widely…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-07-25 Xuhong Wang , Haoyu Jiang , Yi Yu , Jingru Yu , Yilun Lin , Ping Yi , Yingchun Wang , Yu Qiao , Li Li , Fei-Yue Wang

Multi-bit watermarking has emerged as a promising solution for embedding imperceptible binary messages into Large Language Model (LLM)-generated text, enabling reliable attribution and tracing of malicious usage of LLMs. Despite recent…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-04-17 Jiahao Xu , Rui Hu , Olivera Kotevska , Zikai Zhang

Large language model (LLM) watermarks enable authentication of text provenance, curb misuse of machine-generated text, and promote trust in AI systems. Current watermarks operate by changing the next-token predictions output by an LLM. The…

Text watermarking algorithms are crucial for protecting the copyright of textual content. Historically, their capabilities and application scenarios were limited. However, recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-08-12 Aiwei Liu , Leyi Pan , Yijian Lu , Jingjing Li , Xuming Hu , Xi Zhang , Lijie Wen , Irwin King , Hui Xiong , Philip S. Yu

This paper introduces a novel problem, distributional information embedding, motivated by the practical demands of multi-bit watermarking for large language models (LLMs). Unlike traditional information embedding, which embeds information…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2025-07-03 Haiyun He , Yepeng Liu , Ziqiao Wang , Yongyi Mao , Yuheng Bu

As large language models (LLMs) generate texts with increasing fluency and realism, there is a growing need to identify the source of texts to prevent the abuse of LLMs. Text watermarking techniques have proven reliable in distinguishing…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2024-04-04 Lean Wang , Wenkai Yang , Deli Chen , Hao Zhou , Yankai Lin , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Xu Sun

Steganography embeds secret messages in seemingly innocuous carriers for covert communication under surveillance. Current Provably Secure Steganography (PSS) schemes based on language models can guarantee computational indistinguishability…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2026-04-30 Kaiyi Pang , Minhao Bai

Deepfake facial manipulation has garnered significant public attention due to its impacts on enhancing human experiences and posing privacy threats. Despite numerous passive algorithms that have been attempted to thwart malicious Deepfake…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2024-11-27 Tianyi Wang , Mengxiao Huang , Harry Cheng , Xiao Zhang , Zhiqi Shen

Watermarking techniques for large language models (LLMs), which encode hidden information in the output so its source can be verified, have gained significant attention in recent days, thanks to their potential capability to detect…

计算机科学与博弈论 · 计算机科学 2026-05-15 Juho Kim , Fei Fang , Tuomas Sandholm

Watermarking of large language models (LLMs) generation embeds an imperceptible statistical pattern within texts, making it algorithmically detectable. Watermarking is a promising method for addressing potential harm and biases from LLMs,…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-12-09 Lingjie Chen , Ruizhong Qiu , Siyu Yuan , Zhining Liu , Tianxin Wei , Hyunsik Yoo , Zhichen Zeng , Deqing Yang , Hanghang Tong

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) raised concerns over potential misuse, such as for spreading misinformation. In response two counter measures emerged: machine learning-based detectors that predict if text is synthetic,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-04-17 David Khachaturov , Robert Mullins , Ilia Shumailov , Sumanth Dathathri

We study how to watermark LLM outputs, i.e. embedding algorithmically detectable signals into LLM-generated text to track misuse. Unlike the current mainstream methods that work with a fixed LLM, we expand the watermark design space by…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-03-19 Xiaojun Xu , Yuanshun Yao , Yang Liu

We construct pseudorandom error-correcting codes (or simply pseudorandom codes), which are error-correcting codes with the property that any polynomial number of codewords are pseudorandom to any computationally-bounded adversary. Efficient…

密码学与安全 · 计算机科学 2024-06-19 Miranda Christ , Sam Gunn