相关论文: Quantum mechanics with real numbers: entanglement,…

Standard quantum mechanics employs complex Hilbert spaces, but whether complex numbers are fundamental or merely convenient has long been debated. For decades, real-valued equivalents were considered mathematically possible but cumbersome.…

The complex Hilbert space of standard quantum mechanics may be treated as a real Hilbert space. The pure states of the complex theory become mixed states in the real formulation. It is then possible to generalize standard quantum mechanics,…

Quantum mechanics introduces the concept of probability at the fundamental level, yielding the measurement problem. On the other hand, recent progress in cosmology has led to the "multiverse" picture, in which our observed universe is only…

In this paper, we demonstrate the equivalence between the complex Hilbert space and real Kahler space formulations of quantum mechanics. Complex numbers play an important role in the traditional formulation of quantum mechanics in complex…

Measures are introduced to quantify the degree of superposition in mixed states with respect to orthogonal decompositions of the Hilbert space of a quantum system. These superposition measures can be regarded as analogues to entanglement…

Complex numbers appear in the Hilbert space formulation of quantum mechanics, but not in the formulation in phase space. Quantum symmetries are described by complex, unitary or antiunitary operators defining ray representations in Hilbert…

Entanglement is generally considered necessary for achieving the Heisenberg limit in quantum metrology. We construct analogues of Dicke and GHZ states on a single $N+1$ dimensional qudit that achieve precision equivalent to symmetrically…

The theory of quantum mechanics is examined using non-standard real numbers, called quantum real numbers (qr-numbers), that are constructed from standard Hilbert space entities. Our goal is to resolve some of the paradoxical features of the…

Standard quantum mechanics is viewed as a limit of a cut system with artificially restricted dimension of a Hilbert space. Exact spectrum of cut momentum and coordinate operators is derived and the limiting transition to the infinite…

The relativity to the measuring device in quantum theory, i.e. the covariance of local dynamical variables relative transformations to moving quantum reference frame in Hilbert space, may be achieved only by the rejection of super-selection…

We analyze the control by electromagnetic fields of quantum systems with infinite dimensional Hilbert space and a discrete spectrum. Based on recent mathematical results, we rigorously show under which conditions such a system can be…

We show how quantum mechanics can be understood as a space-time theory provided that its spatial continuum is modelled by a variable real number (qrumber) continuum. Such a continuum can be constructed using only standard Hilbert space…

Standard quantum theory was formulated with complex-valued Schrodinger equations, wave functions, operators, and Hilbert spaces. Previous work attempted to simulate quantum systems using only real numbers by exploiting an enlarged Hilbert…

In this paper we present a model of Riemannian loop quantum cosmology with a self-adjoint quantum scalar constraint. The physical Hilbert space is constructed using refined algebraic quantization. When matter is included in the form of a…

We attempt to clarify the main conceptual issues in approaches to `objectification' or `measurement' in quantum mechanics which are based on superselection rules. Such approaches venture to derive the emergence of classical `reality'…

Based on empirical evidence, quantum systems appear to be strictly linear and gauge invariant. This work uses concise mathematics to show that quantum eigenvalue equations on a one dimensional ring can either be gauge invariant or have a…

We first review and critically examine some basic concepts and ambiguities related to quantum mechanics and quantum measurement to understand the success and shortcomings of current theories. We also touch on ideas regarding expression of…

The purpose of the paper is to study the foundations of the main axioms of Quantum Mechanics. From a general study of the mathematical properties of the models used in Physics to represent systems, we prove that the states of a system can…

Space-time in quantum mechanics is about bridging Hilbert and configuration space. Thereby, an entirely new perspective is obtained by replacing the Newtonian space-time theater with the image of a presumably high-dimensional Hilbert space,…

We second quantize the Fermi Lagrangian in the Lorenz gauge to obtain a covariant theory of photon quantum mechanics. Number density is real so it is interpreted as position probability density. The Hilbert space is the vector space of…