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In Precision Agriculture, the utilization of management zones (MZs) that take into account within-field variability facilitates effective fertilizer management. This approach enables the optimization of nitrogen (N) rates to maximize crop…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-03-19 Giorgio Morales , John Sheppard

Recourse generators provide actionable insights, often through feature-based counterfactual explanations (CFEs), to help negatively classified individuals understand how to adjust their input features to achieve a positive classification.…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-06-04 Keziah Naggita , Matthew R. Walter , Avrim Blum

Counterfactual Explanations (CFEs) interpret machine learning models by identifying the smallest change to input features needed to change the model's prediction to a desired output. For classification tasks, CFEs determine how close a…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-10-01 Margarita A. Guerrero , Cristian R. Rojas

We present a new method for counterfactual explanations (CFEs) based on Bayesian optimisation that applies to both classification and regression models. Our method is a globally convergent search algorithm with support for arbitrary…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-06-30 Thomas Spooner , Danial Dervovic , Jason Long , Jon Shepard , Jiahao Chen , Daniele Magazzeni

The imminent need to interpret the output of a Machine Learning model with counterfactual (CF) explanations - via small perturbations to the input - has been notable in the research community. Although the variety of CF examples is…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2024-04-23 Kleopatra Markou , Dimitrios Tomaras , Vana Kalogeraki , Dimitrios Gunopulos

To understand the black-box characteristics of deep networks, counterfactual explanation that deduces not only the important features of an input space but also how those features should be modified to classify input as a target class has…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-08-15 Hong-Gyu Jung , Sin-Han Kang , Hee-Dong Kim , Dong-Ok Won , Seong-Whan Lee

Despite their high accuracies, modern complex image classifiers cannot be trusted for sensitive tasks due to their unknown decision-making process and potential biases. Counterfactual explanations are very effective in providing…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2022-06-13 Kamran Alipour , Aditya Lahiri , Ehsan Adeli , Babak Salimi , Michael Pazzani

Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) are a popular approach for interpreting machine learning predictions by identifying minimal feature changes that alter model outputs. However, in real-world settings, users often refine feasibility…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-05-28 Christos Fragkathoulas , Evaggelia Pitoura

Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) are an emerging technique under the umbrella of interpretability of machine learning (ML) models. They provide ``what if'' feedback of the form ``if an input datapoint were $x'$ instead of $x$, then an ML…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-06-16 Sahil Verma , John Dickerson , Keegan Hines

Counterfactual explanations (CFE) are being widely used to explain algorithmic decisions, especially in consequential decision-making contexts (e.g., loan approval or pretrial bail). In this context, CFEs aim to provide individuals affected…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-02-09 Kiarash Mohammadi , Amir-Hossein Karimi , Gilles Barthe , Isabel Valera

Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) guide users on how to adjust inputs to machine learning models to achieve desired outputs. While existing research primarily addresses static scenarios, real-world applications often involve data or model…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-02-11 Ignacy Stępka , Mateusz Lango , Jerzy Stefanowski

We introduce an approach for analyzing the variation of features generated by convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with respect to scene factors that occur in natural images. Such factors may include object style, 3D viewpoint, color, and…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2015-06-04 Mathieu Aubry , Bryan Russell

Counterfactual explanations (CFE) are methods that explain a machine learning model by giving an alternate class prediction of a data point with some minimal changes in its features. It helps the users to identify their data attributes that…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2023-12-01 Shashank Shekhar , Asif Salim , Adesh Bansode , Vivaswan Jinturkar , Anirudha Nayak

Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) are essential for interpreting black-box models, yet they often become invalid when models are slightly changed. Existing methods for generating robust CFEs are often limited to specific types of models,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-04-21 Marcin Kostrzewa , Maciej Zięba , Jerzy Stefanowski

Neural networks are prone to learning shortcuts -- they often model simple correlations, ignoring more complex ones that potentially generalize better. Prior works on image classification show that instead of learning a connection to object…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-01-18 Axel Sauer , Andreas Geiger

Modern neural networks achieve strong performance but remain difficult to interpret in high-dimensional visual domains. Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) provide a principled approach to interpreting black-box predictions by identifying…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-03-19 Ahmed Zeid , Sidney Bender

Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) are minimal and semantically meaningful modifications of the input of a model that alter the model predictions. They highlight the decisive features the model relies on, providing contrastive…

计算机视觉与模式识别 · 计算机科学 2025-11-26 Chao Wang , Chengan Che , Xinyue Chen , Sophia Tsoka , Luis C. Garcia-Peraza-Herrera

Counterfactual explanations (CFs) provide human-interpretable insights into model's predictions by identifying minimal changes to input features that would alter the model's output. However, existing methods struggle to generate multiple…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-02-20 Oleksii Furman , Patryk Marszałek , Jan Masłowski , Piotr Gaiński , Maciej Zięba , Marek Śmieja

Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) are a popular approach in explainable artificial intelligence (xAI), highlighting changes to input data necessary for altering a model's output. A CFE can either describe a scenario that is better than the…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2023-10-26 Ulrike Kuhl , André Artelt , Barbara Hammer

Counterfactuals can explain classification decisions of neural networks in a human interpretable way. We propose a simple but effective method to generate such counterfactuals. More specifically, we perform a suitable diffeomorphic…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-06-17 Ann-Kathrin Dombrowski , Jan E. Gerken , Klaus-Robert Müller , Pan Kessel
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