English

SCE-LITE-HQ: Smooth visual counterfactual explanations with generative foundation models

Machine Learning 2026-03-19 v1 Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition

Abstract

Modern neural networks achieve strong performance but remain difficult to interpret in high-dimensional visual domains. Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) provide a principled approach to interpreting black-box predictions by identifying minimal input changes that alter model outputs. However, existing CFE methods often rely on dataset-specific generative models and incur substantial computational cost, limiting their scalability to high-resolution data. We propose SCE-LITE-HQ, a scalable framework for counterfactual generation that leverages pretrained generative foundation models without task-specific retraining. The method operates in the latent space of the generator, incorporates smoothed gradients to improve optimization stability, and applies mask-based diversification to promote realistic and structurally diverse counterfactuals. We evaluate SCE-LITE-HQ on natural and medical datasets using a desiderata-driven evaluation protocol. Results show that SCE-LITE-HQ produces valid, realistic, and diverse counterfactuals competitive with or outperforming existing baselines, while avoiding the overhead of training dedicated generative models.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2603.17048,
  title  = {SCE-LITE-HQ: Smooth visual counterfactual explanations with generative foundation models},
  author = {Ahmed Zeid and Sidney Bender},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.17048},
  year   = {2026}
}
R2 v1 2026-07-01T11:24:59.830Z