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Counterfactual explanations provide individuals with cost-optimal recommendations to achieve their desired outcomes. However, when a significant number of individuals seek similar state modifications, this individual-centric approach can…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-10-01 Ahmad-Reza Ehyaei , Ali Shirali , Samira Samadi

Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) exemplify how to minimally modify a feature vector to achieve a different prediction for an instance. CFEs can enhance informational fairness and trustworthiness, and provide suggestions for users who…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2023-09-12 Yongjie Wang , Hangwei Qian , Yongjie Liu , Wei Guo , Chunyan Miao

The growing integration of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) models into high-stakes domains such as healthcare and scientific research calls for models that are not only accurate but also interpretable. Among the…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2025-10-23 Zhuo Cao , Xuan Zhao , Lena Krieger , Hanno Scharr , Ira Assent

AI-driven outcomes can be challenging for end-users to understand. Explanations can address two key questions: "Why this outcome?" (factual) and "Why not another?" (counterfactual). While substantial efforts have been made to formalize…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2025-03-21 Suryani Lim , Henri Prade , Gilles Richard

Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) provide human-centric interpretability by identifying the minimal, actionable changes required to alter a machine learning model's prediction. Therefore, CFs can be used as (i) interventions for…

Machine learning plays a role in many deployed decision systems, often in ways that are difficult or impossible to understand by human stakeholders. Explaining, in a human-understandable way, the relationship between the input and output of…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-11-17 Sahil Verma , Varich Boonsanong , Minh Hoang , Keegan E. Hines , John P. Dickerson , Chirag Shah

The recent adoption of machine learning as a tool in real world decision making has spurred interest in understanding how these decisions are being made. Counterfactual Explanations are a popular interpretable machine learning technique…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2021-10-05 Andrew O'Brien , Edward Kim

Counterfactual explanations are a prominent example of post-hoc interpretability methods in the explainable Artificial Intelligence research domain. They provide individuals with alternative scenarios and a set of recommendations to achieve…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2021-01-20 Andrea Ferrario , Michele Loi

We tackle the problem of computing counterfactual explanations -- minimal changes to the features that flip an undesirable model prediction. We propose a solution to this question for linear Support Vector Machine (SVMs) models. Moreover,…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-12-16 Sebastian Salazar , Samuel Denton , Ansaf Salleb-Aouissi

Counterfactual (CF) explanations have been employed as one of the modes of explainability in explainable AI-both to increase the transparency of AI systems and to provide recourse. Cognitive science and psychology, however, have pointed out…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2022-12-14 Marko Tesic , Ulrike Hahn

As data-driven predictive models are increasingly used to inform decisions, it has been argued that decision makers should provide explanations that help individuals understand what would have to change for these decisions to be beneficial…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-10-15 Stratis Tsirtsis , Manuel Gomez-Rodriguez

Explainable Artificial Intelligence and Formal Argumentation have received significant attention in recent years. Argumentation-based systems often lack explainability while supporting decision-making processes. Counterfactual and…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2024-05-08 Gianvincenzo Alfano , Sergio Greco , Francesco Parisi , Irina Trubitsyna

Counterfactual explanations are attracting significant attention due to the flourishing applications of machine learning models in consequential domains. A counterfactual plan consists of multiple possibilities to modify a given instance so…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2022-04-12 Ngoc Bui , Duy Nguyen , Viet Anh Nguyen

While recent years have witnessed the emergence of various explainable methods in machine learning, to what degree the explanations really represent the reasoning process behind the model prediction -- namely, the faithfulness of…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2021-09-07 Yingqiang Ge , Shuchang Liu , Zelong Li , Shuyuan Xu , Shijie Geng , Yunqi Li , Juntao Tan , Fei Sun , Yongfeng Zhang

Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) highlight what changes to a model's input would have changed its prediction in a particular way. CFEs have gained considerable traction as a psychologically grounded solution for explainable artificial…

人工智能 · 计算机科学 2023-03-24 Ulrike Kuhl , André Artelt , Barbara Hammer

Counterfactual Explanations (CFEs) have grown in popularity as a means of offering actionable guidance by identifying the minimum changes in feature values required to flip an ML model's prediction to something more desirable.…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2026-03-31 Firdaus Ahmed Choudhury , Ethan Leicht , Jude Ethan Bislig , Hangzhi Guo , Amulya Yadav

Counterfactual examples are minimal edits to an input that alter a model's prediction. They are widely employed in explainable AI to probe model behavior and in natural language processing (NLP) to augment training data. However, generating…

计算与语言 · 计算机科学 2026-01-06 Yilong Wang , Qianli Wang , Nils Feldhus

Structural models that admit multiple reduced forms, such as game-theoretic models with multiple equilibria, pose challenges in practice, especially when parameters are set-identified and the identified set is large. In such cases,…

计量经济学 · 经济学 2021-01-29 Nathan Canen , Kyungchul Song

As machine learning is increasingly used to inform consequential decision-making (e.g., pre-trial bail and loan approval), it becomes important to explain how the system arrived at its decision, and also suggest actions to achieve a…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2020-10-09 Amir-Hossein Karimi , Bernhard Schölkopf , Isabel Valera

Post-hoc explanations of machine learning models are crucial for people to understand and act on algorithmic predictions. An intriguing class of explanations is through counterfactuals, hypothetical examples that show people how to obtain a…

机器学习 · 计算机科学 2019-12-09 Ramaravind Kommiya Mothilal , Amit Sharma , Chenhao Tan