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The Heating Neutral Beam Injectors (HNBs) for ITER will have to deliver 16.7 MW beams of H/D particles at 1 MeV energy. The beams will be produced from H-/D- ions, generated by a radiofrequency plasma source coupled to an ion acceleration…
The ITER Heating Neutral Beams (HNBs) require large, high-energy H/D atom beams (285/330 A/m^2 extracted current density, and 1/0.87 MeV acceleration energy, respectively for H and D). To address the associated challenges, the SPIDER…
The SPIDER H-/D- ion source is currently in operation in the Neutral Beam Test facility (NBTF) at Consorzio RFX (Padova, Italy) to prove the possibility of generating up to 40 A of negative ions, with a maximum extracted current density of…
The Neutral Beam Injectors of the ITER experiment will rely on negative ion sources to produce 16.7 MW beams of H/D particles accelerated at 1 MeV. The prototype of these sources was built and is currently operated in the SPIDER experiment…
The Neutral beam Injectors of the ITER experiment will be based on negative ion sources for the generation of beams composed by 1 MeV H/D particles. The prototype of these sources is currently under testing in the SPIDER experiment, part of…
The SPIDER experiment, part of the Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) at Consorzio RFX (Padua, Italy), is the prototype of the negative ion source for the ITER neutral beam injectors; the source is coupled to a 100 kV three-grid acceleration…
ITER envisages the use of two heating neutral beam injectors plus an optional one as part of the auxiliary heating and current drive system. The 16.5 MW expected neutral beam power per injector is several notches higher than worldwide…
The SPIDER experiment, operated at the Neutral Beam Test Facility of Consorzio RFX, Padua, hosts the prototype of the H-/D- ion source for the ITER neutral beam injectors. The maximization of the ion current extracted from the source and…
Neutral Beam Injectors (NBIs) based on negative ions are the workhorses of future fusion reactors, such as ITER, which they are expected to provide with up to \SI{33}{MW} of power to heat the fusion plasma. The negative hydrogen ions are…
SPIDER is the full-scale prototype of the ion source of the ITER Heating Neutral Beam Injector, where negative ions of Hydrogen or Deuterium are produced by a RF generated plasma and accelerated with a set of grids up to ~100 keV. The Power…
Consorzio RFX and INFN-LNL are building a flexible small ion source (NIO1) capable of producing about 130 mA of H- ions accelerated at 60 KeV. Aim of the experiment is to test and develop the instrumentation for SPIDER and MITICA, the…
A test facility for the development of the Neutral Beam Injection system for ITER is under construction at Consorzio RFX. It will host two experiments: SPIDER, a 100 keV H-/D- ion RF source, and MITICA, a prototype of the full performance…
SPIDER operation, started in 2018, pointed out performance-limiting issues caused by the technology employed in RF generators, based on tetrode free-running oscillators. One of these limits, namely the onset of frequency instabilities,…
SPIDER is the prototype ion source of MITICA, the full-size neutral beam heating system conceived for the ITER tokamak. It includes eight drivers to heat and sustain the inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Owing to their near cylindrical…
SPIDER (Source for the Production of Ions of Deuterium Extracted from Rf plasma) is a full-scale prototype of the ITER NBI source. It is based on the concept of inductive coupling between radio-frequency current drive and plasma. Present…
The electron density close to the extraction grids and the co-extracted electrons represent a crucial issue when operating negative ion sources for fusion reactors. An excessive electron density in the plasma expansion region can indeed…
The NIO1 experiment hosts a flexible RF H- ion source, developed by INFN-LNL and Consorzio RFX to improve the present concepts for the production and acceleration of negative ions. The source is also used to benchmark the instrumentation…
SPIDER, the ion source prototype for ITER neutral beam injectors, has been in operation since 2018. The experiment includes a system of Ion Source and Extraction Power Supplies (ISEPS), whose design dates back to 2011. Since then the…
For negative ion beam sources there are several methods of measuring the accelerated beam current, most commonly electrical measurements at the power supply and calorimetric measurements. On SPIDER, the ITER Heating Neutral Beam full-scale…
In the fusion experiment ITER powerful neutral beam injection (NBI) systems will be used. The NBI's core component is a negative hydrogen ion source, which is based on a modular concept. Eight cylindrical drivers, each having a volume of…