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In June 2024, the EU AI Act came into force. The AI Act includes obligations for the provider of an AI system. Article 10 of the AI Act includes a new obligation for providers to evaluate whether their training, validation and testing…

For highly regulated industries such as banking and healthcare, one of the major hindrances to the adoption of cloud computing is compliance with regulatory standards. This is a complex problem due to many regulatory and technical…

In the European context, both the EU AI Act proposal and the draft Standardisation Request on safe and trustworthy AI link standardisation to fundamental rights. However, these texts do not provide any guidelines that specify and detail the…

Deeplearning has been used to solve complex problems in various domains. As it advances, it also creates applications which become a major threat to our privacy, security and even to our Democracy. Such an application which is being…

Artificial intelligence (AI) can undermine financial stability because of malicious use, misinformation, misalignment, and the AI analytics market structure. The low frequency and uniqueness of financial crises, coupled with mutable and…

Regulation is nothing without enforcement. This particularly holds for the dynamic field of emerging technologies. Hence, this article has two ambitions. First, it explains how the EU's new Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) will be…

Machine Learning may push research in precision medicine to unprecedented heights. To succeed, machine learning needs a large amount of data, often including personal data. Therefore, machine learning applied to precision medicine is on a…

With the widespread integration of AI in everyday and critical technologies, it seems inevitable to witness increasing instances of failure in AI systems. In such cases, there arises a need for technical investigations that produce legally…

The risks of frontier AI may require international cooperation, which in turn may require verification: checking that all parties follow agreed-on rules. For instance, states might need to verify that powerful AI models are widely deployed…

Adversarial Machine Learning is booming with ML researchers increasingly targeting commercial ML systems such as those used in Facebook, Tesla, Microsoft, IBM, Google to demonstrate vulnerabilities. In this paper, we ask, "What are the…

The age of AI regulation is upon us, with the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) leading the way. Our key inquiry is how this will affect Federated Learning (FL), whose starting point of prioritizing data privacy while…

This white paper examines the technical foundations of European AI standardization under the AI Act. It explains how harmonized standards enable the presumption of conformity mechanism, describes the CEN/CENELEC standardization process, and…

Since Artificial Intelligence (AI) software uses techniques like deep lookahead search and stochastic optimization of huge neural networks to fit mammoth datasets, it often results in complex behavior that is difficult for people to…

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in critical applications. Thus, the need for dependable AI systems is rapidly growing. In 2018, the European Commission appointed experts to a High-Level Expert Group on AI (AI-HLEG).…

AI Assurance -- producing the machine-readable evidence required to demonstrate compliance with AI governance frameworks -- has mature policy scaffolding but lacks the infrastructure to operationalize it. Organizations building high-risk AI…

An increasing number of regulations propose AI audits as a mechanism for achieving transparency and accountability for artificial intelligence (AI) systems. Despite some converging norms around various forms of AI auditing, auditing for the…

There is substantial evidence that Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms can generate bias against minorities, women, and other protected classes. Federal and state laws have been enacted to protect consumers…

Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology is based on theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. In this context, deep learning is a family of computational methods that allow an…

Legal autonomy - the lawful activity of artificial intelligence agents - can be achieved in one of two ways. It can be achieved either by imposing constraints on AI actors such as developers, deployers and users, and on AI resources such as…

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the most transformative technologies of the 21st century. The extent and scope of future AI capabilities remain a key uncertainty, with widespread disagreement on timelines and potential impacts. As…