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The landscape of causal relations that can hold among a set of systems in quantum theory is richer than in classical physics. In particular, a pair of time-ordered systems can be related as cause and effect or as the effects of a common…

量子物理 · 物理学 2017-07-20 Katja Ried , Jean-Philippe W. MacLean , Robert W. Spekkens , Kevin J. Resch

Recently, the possible existence of quantum processes with indefinite causal order has been extensively discussed, in particular using the formalism of process matrices. Here we give a new perspective on this question, by establishing a…

In a scenario where two parties share, act on and exchange some physical resource, the assumption that the parties' actions are ordered according to a definite causal structure yields constraints on the possible correlations that can be…

量子物理 · 物理学 2015-12-25 Cyril Branciard , Mateus Araújo , Adrien Feix , Fabio Costa , Časlav Brukner

In relational quantum dynamics, evolution emerges via the correlations between some system of interest and a clock system, which plays the role of a temporal reference frame. Their combined state satisfies a Wheeler-de Witt-like constraint…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-03-11 Veronika Baumann , Maximilian P. E. Lock

Can causal relations be subject to quantum indefiniteness, similar to other physical properties? The process-matrix framework formalises this possibility: valid processes are defined by what local laboratories can implement, without…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-05-29 Jacopo Surace , Shintaro Minagawa , Ravi Kunjwal

Within quantum theory, we can create superpositions of different causal orders of events, and observe interference between them. This raises the question of whether quantum theory can produce results that would be impossible to replicate…

量子物理 · 物理学 2021-10-07 Tom Purves , Anthony J. Short

Recent developments in the formalisation of quantum causal structures have made it possible to test and compare hypotheses about causal structure empirically, rather than being a-priori assumptions. Such differences in causal structure may…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-05-28 Declan Maguire , Fabio Costa

Classical mechanics obeys the intuitive logic that a physical event happens at a definite spatial point. Entanglement however, breaks this logic by enabling interactions without a specific location. In this work we study these…

量子物理 · 物理学 2020-12-14 A. J. Paige , Hyukjoon Kwon , Selwyn Simsek , Chris N. Self , Johnnie Gray , M. S. Kim

In standard quantum theory, the causal relations between operations are fixed. One can relax this notion by allowing for dynamical arrangements, where operations may influence the causal relations of future operations, as certified by…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-10-23 Veronika Baumann , Ämin Baumeler , Eleftherios-Ermis Tselentis

The characterization of quantum correlations in terms of information-theoretic resource has been a fruitful approach to understand the power of quantum correlations as a resource. While bipartite entanglement and Bell inequality violation…

量子物理 · 物理学 2014-11-27 Florian Curchod , Yeong-Cherng Liang , Nicolas Gisin

Causal decomposition depicts a cause-effect relationship that is not based on the concept of prediction, but based on the phase dependence of time series. It has been validated in both stochastic and deterministic systems and is now…

信号处理 · 电气工程与系统科学 2020-08-18 Yi Zhang , Qin Yang , Lifu Zhang , Branko Celler , Steven Su , Peng Xu , Dezhong Yao

The consistent histories formalism can be used to describe histories comprised of events across many systems, times, and places, plausibly rich enough to describe our experiences of the classical world; however, many consistent history sets…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-05-11 Nick Ormrod , Tein van der Lugt , Yìlè Yīng , Jarosław K. Korbicz

Classically the causal order of two timelike separated events A and B is fixed -- either A before B or B before A. This is no longer true in quantum theory, where it is possible to encounter superpositions of causal orders. The quantum…

The concept of causal nonseparability has been recently introduced, in opposition to that of causal separability, to qualify physical processes that locally abide by the laws of quantum theory, but cannot be embedded in a well-defined…

量子物理 · 物理学 2019-02-04 Julian Wechs , Alastair A. Abbott , Cyril Branciard

Over the past decade, a number of quantum processes have been proposed which are logically consistent, yet feature a cyclic causal structure. However, there is no general formal method to construct a process with an exotic causal structure…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-12-03 Augustin Vanrietvelde , Nick Ormrod , Hlér Kristjánsson , Jonathan Barrett

We consider the reversible processes between two one-to-one correlated measurement outcomes which underly both problem-solving and quantum nonlocality. In the former case the two outcomes are the setting and the solution of the problem, in…

量子物理 · 物理学 2021-09-08 Giuseppe Castagnoli

The constraints arising for a general set of causal relations, both classically and quantumly, are still poorly understood. As a step in exploring this question, we consider a coherently controlled superposition of "direct-cause" and…

量子物理 · 物理学 2018-01-11 Adrien Feix , Časlav Brukner

Classical correlations without predefined causal order arise from processes where parties manipulate random variables, and where the order of these interactions is not predefined. No assumption on the causal order of the parties is made,…

量子物理 · 物理学 2016-01-18 Ämin Baumeler , Stefan Wolf

Deviations from classical physics when distant quantum systems become correlated are interesting both fundamentally and operationally. There exist situations where the correlations enable collaborative tasks that are impossible within the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2019-05-08 Farid Shahandeh , Austin P. Lund , Timothy C. Ralph

Investigating the role of causal order in quantum mechanics has recently revealed that the causal distribution of events may not be a-priori well-defined in quantum theory. While this has triggered a growing interest on the theoretical…