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Although Virtual Reality (VR) has accelerated its prevalent adoption in emerging metaverse applications, it is not a fundamentally new technology. On one hand, most VR operating systems (OS) are based on off-the-shelf mobile OS. As a…

Virtual reality (VR) apps can harvest a wider range of user data than web/mobile apps running on personal computers or smartphones. Existing law and privacy regulations emphasize that VR developers should inform users of what data are…

Over the past decade, AR/VR devices have drastically changed how we interact with the digital world. Users often share sensitive information, such as their location, browsing history, and even financial data, within third-party apps…

Virtual Reality (VR) has gained increasing traction among various domains in recent years, with major companies such as Meta, Pico, and Microsoft launching their application stores to support third-party developers in releasing their…

Virtual reality (VR) platforms and apps collect user sensor data, including motion, facial, eye, and hand data, in abstracted form. These data may expose users to unique privacy risks without their knowledge or meaningful awareness, yet the…

Virtual reality (VR) sensors capture large amounts of user data, including body motion and eye tracking, that contain personally identifying information. While privacy-enhancing techniques can obfuscate this data, incomplete privacy…

Virtual Reality (VR) technology has gained substantial traction and has the potential to transform a number of industries, including education, entertainment, and professional sectors. Nevertheless, concerns have arisen about the security…

The latest developments in computer hardware, sensor technologies, and artificial intelligence can make virtual reality (VR) and virtual spaces an important part of human everyday life. Eye tracking offers not only a hands-free way of…

The adoption of virtual reality (VR) technologies has rapidly gained momentum in recent years as companies around the world begin to position the so-called "metaverse" as the next major medium for accessing and interacting with the…

Eye tracking is routinely being incorporated into virtual reality (VR) systems. Prior research has shown that eye tracking data, if exposed, can be used for re-identification attacks. The state of our knowledge about currently existing…

Various industries have widely adopted Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies to enhance productivity and user experiences. However, their integration introduces significant security challenges. This systematic…

Virtual reality (VR) platforms enable a wide range of applications, however, pose unique privacy risks. In particular, VR devices are equipped with a rich set of sensors that collect personal and sensitive information (e.g., body motion,…

Virtual Reality (VR) is an exciting new consumer technology which offers an immersive audio-visual experience to users through which they can navigate and interact with a digitally represented 3D space (i.e., a virtual world) using a…

For the last several decades, the increased, widespread, unwarranted, and unaccountable use of Closed-Circuit TeleVision (CCTV) cameras globally has raised concerns about privacy risks. Additional recent features of many CCTV cameras, such…

Virtual reality (VR) has recently proliferated significantly, consisting of headsets or head-mounted displays (HMDs) and hand controllers for an embodied and immersive experience. The VR device is usually embedded with different kinds of…

Current Virtual Reality (VR) input devices make it possible to navigate a virtual environment and record immersive, personalized data regarding the user's movement and specific behavioral habits, which brings the question of the user's…

Virtual reality (VR) telepresence applications and the so-called "metaverse" promise to be the next major medium of human-computer interaction. However, with recent studies demonstrating the ease at which VR users can be profiled and…

The rise of Virtual Reality (VR) has provided developers with an unprecedented platform for creating games and applications (apps) that require distinct inputs, different from those of conventional devices like smartphones. The Meta Quest…

Mixed reality (MR) technologies are emerging into the mainstream with affordable devices like the Oculus Quest. These devices blend the physical and virtual in novel ways that blur the lines that exist in legal precedent, like those between…

Virtual reality (VR) is a multibillionaire market that keeps growing, year after year. As VR is becoming prevalent in households and small businesses, it is critical to address the effects that this technology might have on the privacy and…