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Power electronic converters are fundamental building blocks of both AC and DC microgrids, enabling the integration of renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, electronic loads, and electric vehicles. In contrast, converter control…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2026-04-30 Jovan Krajacic , Ognjen Stanojev , Mario Schweizer , Orcun Karaca , Gabriela Hug , Vladan Lazarević

The grid-following and grid-forming controls in voltage-source converters are considered as different operation modes and the synchronization mechanism of them are studied separately. In this article, the intrinsic relationships between…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2022-07-08 Kaizhe Zhang

Grid-connected inverters are required to operate stably under a wide range of grid conditions. However, conventional grid-following (GFL) control may suffer from instability under weak-grid conditions, while grid-forming (GFM) control may…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2026-04-07 Zirui Wang , Yitong Li , Quanchi Wu , Jinjun Liu

We consider the problem of grid-forming control of power converters in low-inertia power systems. Starting from an average-switch three-phase inverter model, we draw parallels to a synchronous machine (SM) model and propose a novel…

最优化与控制 · 数学 2018-04-27 Catalin Arghir , Taouba Jouini , Florian Dorfler

This letter proposes a dual model for grid-forming (GFM) controlled converters. The model is inspired from the observation that the structures of the active and reactive power equations of lossy synchronous machine models are almost…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2024-11-12 Federico Milano

Grid-following and grid-forming inverters are integral components of microgrids and for integration of renewable energy sources with the grid. For grid following inverters, which need to emulate controllable current sources, a significant…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2022-07-07 Soham Chakraborty , Sourav Patel , Murti V Salapaka

Many countries' policies have shifted rapidly towards using renewable energy for climate reasons. As a result, inverter-based resources are beginning to dominate power systems. Key elements for managing the loss of conventional generators…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2025-06-24 Waleed Breesam , Stefan M. Goetz

Interconnecting power converters (IPC) are the main elements enabling the interconnection of multiple high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) subgrids. These converters can be classified either as…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2024-12-23 Josep Arévalo-Soler , Mehrdad Nahalparvari , Dominic Gross , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Staffan Norrga , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

The growing use of inverter-based resources in modern power systems has made grid-following inverters a central topic in power-system modeling, control, and simulation. Despite their widespread deployment, introductory material that…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2026-03-20 Muhammad Hamza Ali , Amritanshu Pandey

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition towards nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines, their inertia, and accompanying frequency and voltage…

最优化与控制 · 数学 2019-10-10 Ali Tayyebi , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

This paper presents some recent trends in the research of grid-interactive inverters. Particularly, this paper focuses on stability, ancillary services, operation, and security of single and multiple inverters in the modern power grid. A…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2021-12-14 Tareq Hossen , Fahmid Sadeque

We present a novel, integrated control framework designed to achieve seamless transitions among a spectrum of inverter operation modes. The operation spectrum includes grid-forming (GFM), grid-following (GFL), static synchronous compensator…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2024-10-14 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka

The shift from traditional synchronous generator (SG) based power generation to generation driven by power electronic devices introduces new dynamic phenomena and considerations for the control of large-scale power systems. In this paper,…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2026-04-02 Matt Baughman , Marena Trujillo , Bri-Mathias Hodge , Emily Jensen

Having sufficient grid-forming sources is one of the necessary conditions to guarantee the stability in a power system hosting a very large share of inverter-based generation. The grid-forming function has been historically fulfilled by…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2021-06-08 Dorsan Lepour , Mario Paolone , Guillaume Denis , Carmen Cardozo , Thibault Prevost , Emeline Guiu

Large-scale integration of inverter-based resources into power grids worldwide is challenging their stability and security. This paper takes a closer look at synchronous condensers as a solution to mitigate stability challenges caused by…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2026-04-06 Amir Sajadi , Barry Mather , Bri-Mathias Hodge

This article proposes a "cross-forming" control concept for grid-forming inverters operating against grid faults. Cross-forming refers to voltage angle forming and current magnitude forming. It differs from classical grid-forming and…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2024-11-20 Xiuqiang He , Maitraya Avadhut Desai , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

This article introduces two control frameworks: one for Grid-Following (GFL) inverters aiding Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters in voltage regulation during large contingency events and optimizing power transactions under normal conditions; and…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2024-03-25 Jaesang Park , Alireza Askarian , Srinivasa Salapaka

DC microgrids are converter-based electrical networks that are increasingly being used in various applications, including data centers and industrial distribution systems. A central challenge in their operation is maintaining the DC-bus…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2026-04-30 Jovan Krajacic , Ognjen Stanojev , Mario Schweizer , Orcun Karaca , Gabriela Hug , Vladan Lazarević

To satisfy dynamic requirements of power systems, it is imperative for grid-tied inverters to ensure good disturbance rejection performance (DRP) under variable grid conditions. This letter discovers and theoretically proves that for…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2024-03-28 Fuyilong Ma , Huanhai Xin , Zhiyi Li , Linbin Huang

The renewable energy is connected to the power grid through power electronic converters, which are lack of make the inertia of synchronous generator/machine (SM) be lost. The increasing penetration of renewable energy in power system…

系统与控制 · 电气工程与系统科学 2020-09-15 Yuan Gao , Hai-Peng Ren , Jie Li
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