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Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising alternative to traditional survey methods, potentially enhancing efficiency and reducing costs. In this study, we use LLMs to create virtual populations that answer survey questions, enabling…

Sample-average approximations (SAA) are a practical means of finding approximate solutions of stochastic programming problems involving an extremely large (or infinite) number of scenarios. SAA can also be used to find estimates of a lower…

This paper presents a systematic analysis of biases in open-source Large Language Models (LLMs), across gender, religion, and race. Our study evaluates bias in smaller-scale Llama and Gemma models using the SALT ($\textbf{S}$ocial…

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit systematic biases across demographic groups. Auditing is proposed as an accountability tool for black-box LLM applications, but suffers from resource-intensive query access. We conceptualise auditing as…

Reasoning-capable LLMs have achieved major breakthroughs in solving complex problems, but recent work shows that acquiring and deploying strong reasoning can introduce significant safety risks. A common mitigation is to apply a secondary…

We study the relative-error property testing model for Boolean functions that was recently introduced in the work of Chen et al. (SODA 2025). In relative-error testing, the testing algorithm gets uniform random satisfying assignments as…

Roboticists usually test new control software in simulation environments before evaluating its functionality on real-world robots. Simulations reduce the risk of damaging the hardware and can significantly increase the development process's…

Masked Language Models (MLMs) have shown superior performances in numerous downstream NLP tasks when used as text encoders. Unfortunately, MLMs also demonstrate significantly worrying levels of social biases. We show that the previously…

One of the main challenges developers face in the use of continuous integration (CI) and deployment pipelines is the occurrence of intermittent job failures, which result from unexpected non-deterministic issues (e.g., flaky tests or…

Metamorphic testing (MT) alleviates the oracle problem by checking metamorphic relations (MRs) across multiple test executions. The fault detection effectiveness of MT is influenced not only by the choice and quality of MRs, but also by how…

Noisy labels are common in large-scale medical imaging datasets due to inter-observer variability and ambiguous cases. We propose a statistically grounded and task-agnostic framework, Standardized Loss Aggregation (SLA), for detecting noisy…

In this paper we develop a novel approach to relaxing Arrow's axioms for voting rules, addressing a long-standing critique in social choice theory. Classical axioms (often styled as fairness axioms or fairness criteria) are assessed in a…

Existing approaches to bias evaluation in large language models (LLMs) trade ecological validity for statistical control, relying either on artificial prompts that poorly reflect real-world use or on naturalistic tasks that lack scale and…

Multi-agent LLM debate improves factuality and reasoning, but most recipes pick a fixed round count, over-spending on easy items and under-spending on hard ones. We adapt Wald's Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) as a plug-in compute…

We introduce ZeroSCROLLS, a zero-shot benchmark for natural language understanding over long texts, which contains only test and small validation sets, without training data. We adapt six tasks from the SCROLLS benchmark, and add four new…

Observed events in recommendation are consequence of the decisions made by a policy, thus they are usually selectively labeled, namely the data are Missing Not At Random (MNAR), which often causes large bias to the estimate of true outcomes…

Online A/B testing plays a critical role in the high-tech industry to guide product development and accelerate innovation. It performs a null hypothesis statistical test to determine which variant is better. However, a typical A/B test…

Ranking LLMs via pairwise human feedback underpins current leaderboards for open-ended tasks, such as creative writing and problem-solving. We analyze ~89K comparisons in 116 languages from 52 LLMs from Arena, and show that the best-fit…

Representational similarity analysis (RSA) is a multivariate technique to investigate cortical representations of objects or constructs. While avoiding ill-posed matrix inversions that plague multivariate approaches in the presence of many…

Questionnaire-based surveys are foundational to social science research and public policymaking, yet traditional survey methods remain costly, time-consuming, and often limited in scale. Although prior work has explored large language…