相关论文: The physics of osmotic pressure
Experimental data were used to support a new concept of osmotic force and a new osmotic law that can explain the osmotic process without the difficulties encountered with van't Hoff osmotic pressure theory. Derived new osmotic formula with…
Thermal gradients lead to macroscopic fluid motion if a confining surface is present along the gradient. This fundamental nonequilibrium effect, known as thermo-osmosis, is held responsible for particle thermophoresis in colloidal…
The virial theorem is considered for a system of randomly moving particles that are tightly bound to each other by the gravitational and electromagnetic fields, acceleration field and pressure field. The kinetic energy of the particles of…
The Clausius Virial theorem of Classical Kinetic Theory is used to evaluate the pressure of a suspension of small particles at equilibrium in an isotropic homogeneous and stationary turbulent flow. It then follows a similar approach to the…
Foams exhibit absorptive properties and are widely used for cleaning contaminants, oil recovery, and selective mineral extraction via froth flotation. Although foam absorption has historically been linked to equilibrium osmotic pressure,…
Although osmosis is a familiar phenomenon, and of pivotal importance in natural systems, it is seldom explained how it might work on the molecular level (if treated at all in physics text books). The standard treatment of osmosis in…
Thermal forces drive several nonequilibrium phenomena able to set a fluid in motion without pressure gradients. Although the most celebrated effect is thermophoresis, also known as Ludwig-Soret effect, probably the simplest example where…
The basic ingredients of osmotic pressure are a solvent fluid with a soluble molecular species which is restricted to a chamber by a boundary which is permeable to the solvent fluid but impermeable to the solute molecules. For macroscopic…
In the present paper a simple dynamical model for computing the osmotically driven fluid flow in a variety of complex, non equilibrium situations is derived from first principles. Using the Oberbeck-Boussinesq approximation, the basic…
The motion of a fluid induced by thermal gradients in the absence of driving forces is known as thermo-osmosis. The physical explanation of this phenomenon stems from the emergence of gradients in the tangential pressure due to the presence…
We derive a version of the virial theorem that is applicable to diatomic planetary atmospheres that are in approximate thermal equilibrium at moderate temperatures and pressures and are sufficiently thin such that the gravitational…
Osmosis is a universal phenomenon occurring in a broad variety of processes and fields. It is the archetype of entropic forces, both trivial in its fundamental expression - the van 't Hoff perfect gas law - and highly subtle in its physical…
Osmosis plays a central role in the function of living and soft matter systems. While the thermodynamics of osmosis is well understood, the underlying microscopic dynamical mechanisms remain the subject of discussion. Unraveling these…
A solute-blocking model is presented that provides a kinetic explanation of osmosis and ideal solution thermodynamics. It validates a diffusive model of osmosis that is distinct from the traditional convective flow model of osmosis. Osmotic…
The generally accepted view of osmotic pressure is that it is a colligative property, along with freezing point depression, boiling point elevation and vapour pressure lowering. These properties ideally depend on the concentration of…
The virial theorem relates averages of kinetic energy and forces in confined systems. It is widely used to relate stresses in molecular simulation as measured at a boundary and in the interior of a system. In periodic systems, the theorem…
The origin of the fountain pressure that arises from a small temperature difference in superfluid helium is analyzed. The osmotic pressure explanation due to Tisza (1938), based on the different fractions of ground state bosons, is…
We derive the virial theorem appropriate to two-dimensional point vortices at statistical equilibrium in the microcanonical and canonical ensembles. In an unbounded domain, it relates the angular velocity to the angular momentum and the…
We show that the virial theorem provides a useful simple tool for approximating nonlinear problems. In particular we consider conservative nonlinear oscillators and a bifurcation problem. In the former case we obtain the same main result…
The virial and the Hellmann--Feynman theorems for massless Dirac electrons in a solid are derived and analyzed using generalized continuity equations and scaling transformations. Boundary conditions imposed on the wave function in a finite…