相关论文: BEval: A Plug-in to Extend Atelier B with Current …

Tool-assisted analysis of software systems and convenient guides to practise the formal methods are still motivating challenges. This article addresses these challenges. We ex periment on analysing a formal specification from multiple…

Event-B is a formal approach oriented to system modeling and analysis. It supports refinement mechanism that enables stepwise modeling and verification of a system. By using refinement, the complexity of verification can be spread and…

The application of automatic theorem provers to discharge proof obligations is necessary to apply formal methods in an efficient manner. Tools supporting formal methods, such as Atelier~B, generate proof obligations fully automatically.…

We present the implementation of pyB, a predicate - and expression - checker for the B language. The tool is to be used for a secondary tool chain for data validation and data generation, with ProB being used in the primary tool chain.…

As systems become ever more complex, verification becomes more main stream. Event-B and Alloy are two formal specification languages based on fairly different methodologies. While Event-B uses theorem provers to prove that invariants hold…

Automatic verification deals with the validation by means of computers of correctness certificates. The related tools, usually called proof assistants or interactive provers, provide an interactive environment for the creation of formal…

Test or prove? These two approaches to software verification have long been presented as opposites. One is dynamic, the other static: a test executes the program, a proof only analyzes the program text. A different perspective is emerging,…

In this paper we report the experience of using AutoProof to statically verify a small object oriented program. We identified the problems that emerged by this activity and we classified them according to their nature. In particular, we…

Building software that is correct by construction is a long-standing goal in software engineering, as it ensures reliability during design and development rather than after deployment. Formal methods realize this vision by enabling the…

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has advanced the reasoning capabilities of large language models. However, existing methods rely solely on outcome rewards, without explicitly optimizing verification or leveraging…

This article presents a verification and validation activity performed in an industrial context, to validate configuration data of a metro CBTC system by creating a formal B model of these configuration data and of their properties. A…

Event-B is one of more popular notations for model-based, proof driven specification. It offers a fairly high-level mathematical lan- guage based on FOL and ZF set theory and an economical yet expres- sive modelling notation. Model…

Functional verification increasingly relies on Assertion-Based Verification (ABV), which has become a key approach for verifying hardware designs due to its efficiency and effectiveness. Central to ABV are automatic assertion miners, which…

We formalize automated analysis techniques for the validation of web services specified in BPEL and a RBAC variant tailored to BPEL. The idea is to use decidable fragments of first-order logic to describe the state space of a certain class…

Static program verifiers such as Spec#, Dafny, jStar, and VeriFast define the state of the art in automated functional verification techniques. The next open challenges are to make verification tools usable even by programmers not fluent in…

This article examines the use of the Prolog language for writing verification, analysis and transformation tools. Guided by experience in teaching and the development of verification tools like ProB or specialisation tools like ECCE and…

Over the years, ProB has moved from a tool that complemented proving, to a development environment that is now sometimes used instead of proving for applications, such as exhaustive model checking or data validation. This has led to much…

Formal verification of multi-agent systems is hard, both theoretically and in practice. In particular, studies that use a single verification technique typically show limited efficiency, and allow to verify only toy examples. Here, we…

Ensuring the safety of autonomous vehicles (AVs) is the key requisite for their acceptance in society. This complexity is the core challenge in formally proving their safety conditions with AI-based black-box controllers and surrounding…

The certification of autonomous systems is an important concern in science and industry. The KI-LOK project explores new methods for certifying and safely integrating AI components into autonomous trains. We pursued a two-layered approach:…