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According to Landauer's principle, erasing a memory requires an average work of at least $kT\ln2$ per bit. Recent experiments have confirmed this prediction for a one-bit memory represented by a symmetric double-well potential. Here, we…

统计力学 · 物理学 2016-11-15 Momčilo Gavrilov , John Bechhoefer

We show that at least 2kTln2 of heat dissipation per qubit occurs in measurement-based quantum computation according to Landauer's principle. This result is derived by using only the fundamental fact that quantum physics respects the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2015-04-30 Tomoyuki Morimae

The Landauer limit is to irreversible logic what the Carnot cycle is to heat engines. This limit is approached in the adiabatic Quantum Flux Parametron (aQFP) by copying the inputs of standard logic gates to produce reversible logic gates,…

应用物理 · 物理学 2025-04-08 Quentin Herr

Thermodynamics connects our knowledge of the world to our capability to manipulate and thus to control it. This crucial role of control is exemplified by the third law of thermodynamics, Nernst's unattainability principle, which states that…

The erasure of a bit of information encoded in a physical system is an irreversible operation bound to dissipate an amount of energy $Q = k_\text{B} T\ln 2$. As a result, work $W \geq Q$ has to be applied to the physical system to restore…

A long standing open problem whether a heat engine with finite power achieves the Carnot efficiency is investigated. We rigorously prove a general trade-off inequality on thermodynamic efficiency and time interval of a cyclic process with…

统计力学 · 物理学 2017-08-18 Naoto Shiraishi , Hiroyasu Tajima

According to the Landauer principle, any logically irreversible process accompanies entropy production, which results in heat dissipation in the environment. Erasing of information, one of the primary logically irreversible processes, has a…

量子物理 · 物理学 2025-08-05 Pritam Chattopadhyay , Avijit Misra , Tanmoy Pandit , Goutam Paul

We develop a thermodynamic theory of algorithmic catalysis within the watts-per-intelligence framework, identifying reusable computational structures that reduce irreversible operations for a task class while satisfying bounded restoration…

信息论 · 计算机科学 2026-04-24 Elija Perrier

Landauer's principle states that erasing a bit of information at fixed temperature T costs at least kT ln 2 units of work. Here we investigate erasure at varying temperature, to which Landauer's result does not apply. We formulate bit…

统计力学 · 物理学 2023-12-29 Stephen Whitelam

The equivalence of 1 bit of information to entropy was given by Landauer in 1961 as kln2, k the Boltzmann constant. Erasing information implies heat dissipation and the energy of 1 bit would then be (the Landauers limit) kT ln 2, T being…

综合物理 · 物理学 2014-01-24 Antonio Alfonso-Faus

Landauer's principle sets fundamental thermodynamical constraints for classical and quantum information processing, thus affecting not only various branches of physics, but also of computer science and engineering. Despite its importance,…

Landauer's principle states that erasure of each bit of information in a system requires at least a unit of energy $k_B T \ln 2$ to be dissipated. In return, the blank bit may possibly be utilized to extract usable work of the amount $k_B T…

介观与纳米尺度物理 · 物理学 2018-06-20 A. Mert Bozkurt , Baris Pekerten , Inanc Adagideli

We review and investigate the general theory of thermodynamics of computation, and derive the fundamental inequalities that set the lower bounds of the work requirement and the heat emission during a computation. These inequalities…

统计力学 · 物理学 2015-06-17 Takahiro Sagawa

One of the outstanding challenges to information processing is the eloquent suppression of energy consumption in execution of logic operations. Landauer principle sets an energy constraint in deletion of a classical bit of information.…

量子物理 · 物理学 2018-06-13 L. L. Yan , T. P. Xiong , K. Rehan , F. Zhou , D. F. Liang , L. Chen , J. Q. Zhang , W. L. Yang , Z. H. Ma , M. Feng

While Landauer's Principle sets a lower bound for the work required for a computation, that work is recoverable for efficient computations. However, practical physical computers, such as modern digital computers or biochemical systems, are…

We study the standard four-stroke regenerative quantum Stirling heat engine cycle, which assumes local thermal equilibrium at each stage, within the standard weak-coupling, Markovian open quantum system framework. We point out that the…

量子物理 · 物理学 2026-04-30 Ferdi Altintas

Landauer's principle is, roughly, the principle that there is an entropic cost associated with implementation of logically irreversible operations. Though widely accepted in the literature on the thermodynamics of computation, it has been…

物理学史与哲学 · 物理学 2020-07-24 Wayne C. Myrvold

We present an experiment in which a one-bit memory is constructed, using a system of a single colloidal particle trapped in a modulated double-well potential. We measure the amount of heat dissipated to erase a bit and we establish that in…

统计力学 · 物理学 2019-09-06 Antoine Bérut , Artyom Petrosyan , Sergio Ciliberto

The goal of thermodynamic optimal control theory is to find protocols to change the state of a system from an initial to a desired final distribution, within a finite time, with the least possible expenditure of work. The optimal protocol…

统计力学 · 物理学 2025-12-18 Daan Mulder , Thomas E. Ouldridge , Pieter Rein ten Wolde

The Landauer principle bridges the energetic cost and information processing, showing that irreversible computation inevitably demands energy dissipation. As energy demands from computation continue to rise, approximate computing has…

统计力学 · 物理学 2026-05-26 Yoshihiko Hasegawa