相关论文: Swap Operators and Electric Charges of Fermions
In the framework of Standard Model for the arbitrary values of Higgs and fermions fields hypercharges, taking into account parity invariance of electromagnetic interaction, expressions for the fermions charges, testifying the electric…
We formulate one dimensional many-body integrable systems in terms of a new set of phase space variables involving exchange operators. The hamiltonian in these variables assumes a decoupled form. This greatly simplifies the derivation of…
The extensions of the Standard Model based on the $SU(3)_{C} \otimes SU(3)_{L} \otimes U(1)_{X}$ gauge group are known as 331 Models. Different properties such as the fermion assignment and the electric charges of the exotic spectrum, that…
Starting with the premise that the electric charge associated with fundamental fermions (quarks and leptons) can, under certain circumstances, be appropriately represented as a real \emph{internal} 2-vector, the mathematical ``machinery''…
We construct two sets of representations of the Dirac equation. They transform themselves from one to another in multiplying by the tensor commutation matrix (TCM) $2\otimes 2$. The Gauss matrix can lead us to the Cholesky decomposition.…
In Field theories with simple or semi-simple unitary, local or global symmetries, the electric charge is related to a global one. This is the case also in electroweak gauge theories even before the spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB), where…
Sea-Displacement Operators for fermions are defined in terms of the Fermi fields in a one-component Fermi system. The main conclusions of this article fully corroborate the conjectures made in our earlier works and provide a mathematically…
In this paper an econophysics model for the currency exchange operations with commission is proposed. With this purpose some analogies and similarities of the processes that take place in the frame of the electrochemical system made from…
In gauge theories like the standard model, the electric charges of the fermions can be heavily constrained from the classical structure of the theory and from the cancellation of anomalies. We argue that the anomaly conditions are not quite…
Superexchange calculation is performed for multi-orbital band models with broken inversion symmetry. Orbital-changing hopping terms allowed by the symmetry breaking electric field lead to a new kind of orbital exchange term closely…
We explain how an unexpected algebraic structure, the division algebras, can be seen to underlie a generation of quarks and leptons. From this new vantage point, electrons and quarks are simply excitations from the neutrino, which formally…
The exchange charge density operators that correspond to the Fermi-invariant decomposition of quark-quark interactions have been constructed. Their effect on the electromagnetic charge radii of the nucleons, in combination with that of the…
The intrinsic electromagnetic nuclear meson exchange charge and current operators arising from a separation of the center-of-mass motion are derived for a one-boson-exchange model for the nuclear interaction with scalar, pseudoscalar and…
A new representation for electrons is introduced, in which the electron operators are written in terms of a spinless fermion and the Pauli operators. This representation is canonical, invertible and constraint-free. Importantly, it…
Electricity market mechanisms designed to steer sustainable generation of electricity play an important role for the energy transition intended to mitigate climate change. One of the major problems is to complement volatile renewable energy…
We define a unitary phase operator for photons in a single momentum mode. The operator acts on a Hilbert space with basis consisting of all number states in both polarizations. The Susskind Glogower operator, ${\hat{E}} = e^{i \hat{\phi}}$,…
In electricity markets, futures contracts typically function as a swap since they deliver the underlying over a period of time. In this paper, we introduce a market price for the delivery periods of electricity swaps, thereby opening an…
The exchange operator formalism in polar coordinates, previously considered for the Calogero-Marchioro-Wolfes problem, is generalized to a recently introduced, infinite family of exactly solvable and integrable Hamiltonians $H_k$, $k=1$, 2,…
We redefine the transition function of elementary cellular automata (ECA) in terms of discrete operators. The operator representation provides a clear hint about the way systems behave both at the local and the global scale. We show that…
Within the context of the Standard Model, quarks are placed in a $(\mathbf{3},\mathbf{2})\oplus (\mathbf{3},\bar{\mathbf{2}})$ matter field representation of $U_{EW}(2)$. Although the quarks carry unit intrinsic electric charge in this…