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I briefly review our current understanding of dark matter and dark energy. The first part of this paper focusses on issues pertaining to dark matter including observational evidence for its existence, current constraints and the `abundance…

The $\Lambda CDM$ expansion could be mimicked by a dark energy coupled to matter. Then, the equation of state $\bar w$ and coupling $\bar Q$ of this coupled dark energy could not be constrained by observations of the Hubble function alone.…

Some form of missing energy may account for the difference between the observed cosmic matter density and the critical density. Two leading candidates are a cosmological constant and quintessence (a time-varying, inhomogenous component with…

This study investigates the potential of a cosmological model termed $\Lambda w$DM, in which a cosmological constant play the role of dark energy and dark matter is barotropic and has a constant equation of state parameter ($w_{\rm dm}$),…

If the dark energy is modelled as a relativistic elastic solid then the standard CDM and $\Lambda$CDM models, as well as lattice configurations of cosmic strings or domain walls, are points in the two-dimensional parameter space $(w,c_{\rm…

There is something unknown in the cosmos. Something big. Which causes the acceleration of the Universe expansion, that is perhaps the most surprising and unexpected discovery of the last decades, and thus represents one of the most pressing…

We present an in-depth study of two-component cold dark matter via extensive N-body simulations. We examine various cosmological observables including the temperature evolution, power spectrum, density perturbation, maximum circular…

Current observational bounds on dark energy depend on assumptions about the curvature of the universe. We present a simple and efficient method for incorporating constraints from CMB anisotropy data, and use it to derive constraints on…

The current standard model of cosmology - the {\ensuremath{\Lambda}}CDM model - is appropriately named after its controversial foreign ingredients: a cosmological constant ({\ensuremath{\Lambda}}) that accounts for the recent accelerated…

In this paper, we study a model which is composed by the cosmological constant and dark matter with nonzero equation of state parameter, which could be called as $\Lambda$wDM. In the synchronous gauge, we obtain the perturbation equations…

The cosmological concordance model contains two separate constituents which interact only gravitationally with themselves and everything else, the dark matter and the dark energy. In the standard dark energy models, the dark matter makes up…

This paper deals with the cancellation mechanism, which identifies the energy density of space-time expansion in an empty universe with the zero-point energy density and avoids the scale discrepancy with the observed energy density…

The cosmological constant $\Lambda$ and cold dark matter (CDM) model ($\Lambda\text{CDM}$) is one of the pillars of modern cosmology and is widely used as the de facto theoretical model by current and forthcoming surveys. As the nature of…

Cosmological observations of the recent universe suggest that dark energy equation of state parameter $w$ is growing with time, departing from a cosmological constant for which $w=-1$. Standard quintessence models allow for a varying…

We revisit a cosmological model where dark matter (DM) and dark energy (DE) follow barotropic equations of state, allowing deviations from the standard $\Lambda$CDM framework (i.e. $w_{dm} \neq 0$, $w_{de} \neq -1$), considering both flat…

Motivated by the cosmological constant and the coincidence problems, we consider a cosmological model where the cosmological constant $\Lambda_0$ is replaced by a cosmological term $\Lambda(t)$ which is allowed to vary in time. More…

A type of exponential correction to General Relativity gives viable modified gravity model of dark energy. The model behaves as $R-2\Lambda$ at large curvature where an effective cosmological constant appears, but it becomes zero in flat…

The recent observational evidence for the current cosmic acceleration have stimulated renewed interest in alternative cosmologies, such as scenarios with interaction in the dark sector (dark matter and dark energy). In general, such models…

It is extraordinary that a number of observations indicate that we live in a spatially flat, low matter density Universe, which is currently undergoing a period of accelerating expansion. The effort to explain this current state has focused…

The high-quality cosmological data, which became available in the last decade, have thrusted upon us a rather preposterous composition for the universe which poses one of the greatest challenges theoretical physics has ever faced: the…