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Inferential summaries of tree estimates are useful in the setting of evolutionary biology, where phylogenetic trees have been built from DNA data since the 1960's. In bioinformatics, psychometrics and data mining, hierarchical clustering…

We propose using a discounted version of a convex combination of the log-likelihood with the corresponding expected log-likelihood such that when they are maximized they yield a filter, predictor and smoother for time series. This paper…

In evolutionary studies it is common to use phylogenetic trees to represent the evolutionary history of a set of species. However, in case the transfer of genes or other genetic information between the species or their ancestors has…

This paper provides a least squares formulation for the training of a 2-layer convolutional neural network using quadratic activation functions, a 2-norm loss function, and no regularization term. Using this method, an analytic expression…

We present a new and general method of weighted least square univariate regression where the dependent variable is expanded as a series of suitably chosen functions of the independent variables. Each term of the series is obtained by an…

The least squares method provides the best-fit curve by minimizing the total squares error. In this work, we provide the modified least squares method based on the fractional orthogonal polynomials that belong to the space $M_{n}^{\lambda}…

Phylogenetic trees and networks are leaf-labelled graphs used to model evolution. Display graphs are created by identifying common leaf labels in two or more phylogenetic trees or networks. The treewidth of such graphs is bounded as a…

The evolutionary relationships among organisms have traditionally been represented using rooted phylogenetic trees. However, due to reticulate processes such as hybridization or lateral gene transfer, evolution cannot always be adequately…

Phylogenetics is now fundamental in life sciences, providing insights into the earliest branches of life and the origins and spread of epidemics. However, finding suitable phylogenies from the vast space of possible trees remains…

We introduce a covariance matrix estimator that both takes into account the heteroskedasticity of financial returns (by using an exponentially weighted moving average) and reduces the effective dimensionality of the estimation (and hence…

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are general-purpose problem solvers that usually perform an unbiased search. This is reasonable and desirable in a black-box scenario. For combinatorial optimization problems, often more knowledge about the…

Multivariate linear regression models often face the problem of heteroscedasticity caused by multiple explanatory variables. The weighted least squares estimation with univariate-dependent weights has limitations in constructing weight…

A weighted regression procedure is proposed for regression type problems where the innovations are heavy-tailed. This method approximates the least absolute regression method in large samples, and the main advantage will be if the sample is…

This paper presents and analyses a new family of linear subdivision schemes to refine noisy data given on triangular meshes. The subdivision rules consist of locally fitting and evaluating a weighted least squares approximating first-degree…

The a posteriori error estimator using the least-squares functional can be used for adaptive mesh refinement and error control even if the numerical approximations are not obtained from the corresponding least-squares method. This suggests…

Modelling the substitution of nucleotides along a phylogenetic tree is usually done by a hidden Markov process. This allows to define a distribution of characters at the leaves of the trees and one might be able to obtain polynomial…

In this paper, we develop a new optimization framework for the least squares learning problem via fully connected neural networks or physics-informed neural networks. The gradient descent sometimes behaves inefficiently in deep learning…

Topological phylogenetic trees can be assigned edge weights in several natural ways, highlighting different aspects of the tree. Here the rooted triple and quartet metrizations are introduced, and applied to formulate novel fast methods of…

In this article the issues are discussed with the Bayesian approach, least-square fits, and most-likely fits. Trying to counter these issues, a method, based on weighted confidence, is proposed for estimating probabilities and other…

Estimating phylogenetic trees is an important problem in evolutionary biology, environmental policy and medicine. Although trees are estimated, their uncertainties are discarded by mathematicians working in tree space. Here we explicitly…