线发射测绘者（LEM）：探测宇宙生态系统的物理
摘要
线发射测绘者（LEM）是面向2030年代的X射线探测器（Probe），将解答宇宙结构形成中的悬而未决问题。它还将为天体物理学的各个领域以及太阳物理和行星物理提供变革性的新观测能力。LEM的主要目标是对星系形成的物理进行全面考察，包括恒星与黑洞反馈以及重子物质进出星系的流动。这些过程最好用X射线研究，而发射线测绘是该领域的迫切需求。LEM将使用大型微热量计阵列/积分视场单元，以10角秒角分辨率覆盖30×30角分视场，来测绘构成星系生态系统的天体的软X射线发射线。这些包括超新星遗迹、恒星形成区、超气泡、星系外流（如银河系中的Fermi/eROSITA气泡及其在其他星系中的类似物）、银河系与其他星系的环星系介质，以及星系和星系团边缘及以外的星系际介质。LEM在0.2–2 keV能段1–2 eV的谱分辨率将使得有可能从这些天体中最暗的发射线中分辨出明亮的银河系前景，从而对这些等离子体的物理提供突破性测量，从温度、密度、化学组成到气体动力学。虽然LEM的主要焦点是星系形成，它将为各类天体物理对象提供变革性能力，从地球磁层、行星和彗星到近邻星系中的星际介质和X射线双星、活动星系核（AGN）以及星系团中的冷却气体。除定点观测外，LEM将执行浅层全天巡天，大幅拓展发现空间。
引用
@article{arxiv.2211.09827,
title = {Line Emission Mapper (LEM): Probing the physics of cosmic ecosystems},
author = {Ralph Kraft and Maxim Markevitch and Caroline Kilbourne and Joseph S. Adams and Hiroki Akamatsu and Mohammadreza Ayromlou and Simon R. Bandler and Marco Barbera and Douglas A. Bennett and Anil Bhardwaj and Veronica Biffi and Dennis Bodewits and Akos Bogdan and Massimiliano Bonamente and Stefano Borgani and Graziella Branduardi-Raymont and Joel N. Bregman and Joseph N. Burchett and Jenna Cann and Jenny Carter and Priyanka Chakraborty and Eugene Churazov and Robert A. Crain and Renata Cumbee and Romeel Dave and Michael DiPirro and Klaus Dolag and W. Bertrand Doriese and Jeremy Drake and William Dunn and Megan Eckart and Dominique Eckert and Stefano Ettori and William Forman and Massimiliano Galeazzi and Amy Gall and Efrain Gatuzz and Natalie Hell and Edmund Hodges-Kluck and Caitriona Jackman and Amir Jahromi and Fred Jennings and Christine Jones and Philip Kaaret and Patrick J. Kavanagh and Richard L. Kelley and Ildar Khabibullin and Chang-Goo Kim and Dimitra Koutroumpa and Orsolya Kovacs and K. D. Kuntz and Erwin Lau and Shiu-Hang Lee and Maurice Leutenegger and Sheng-Chieh Lin and Carey Lisse and Ugo Lo Cicero and Lorenzo Lovisari and Dan McCammon and Sean McEntee and Francois Mernier and Eric D. Miller and Daisuke Nagai and Michela Negro and Dylan Nelson and Jan-Uwe Ness and Paul Nulsen and Anna Ogorzalek and Benjamin D. Oppenheimer and Lidia Oskinova and Daniel Patnaude and Ryan W. Pfeifle and Annalisa Pillepich and Paul Plucinsky and David Pooley and Frederick S. Porter and Scott Randall and Elena Rasia and John Raymond and Mateusz Ruszkowski and Kazuhiro Sakai and Arnab Sarkar and Manami Sasaki and Kosuke Sato and Gerrit Schellenberger and Joop Schaye and Aurora Simionescu and Stephen J. Smith and James F. Steiner and Jonathan Stern and Yuanyuan Su and Ming Sun and Grant Tremblay and Nhut Truong and James Tutt and Eugenio Ursino and Sylvain Veilleux and Alexey Vikhlinin and Stephan Vladutescu-Zopp and Mark Vogelsberger and Stephen A. Walker and Kimberly Weaver and Dale M. Weigt and Jessica Werk and Norbert Werner and Scott J. Wolk and Congyao Zhang and William W. Zhang and Irina Zhuravleva and John ZuHone},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.09827},
year = {2023}
}
备注
18 pages. White paper for a mission concept to be submitted for the 2023 NASA Astrophysics Probes opportunity. v2: All-sky survey figure expanded, references fixed. v3: Added energy resolution measurements for prototype detector array. v4: Author list and reference fixes