超级神冈探测器的首次钆装载
仪器与探测器
2022-01-27 v3 天体物理仪器与方法
摘要
为提高超级神冈(Super-Kamiokande)的中子探测效率并由此增强其对弥散超新星中微子背景通量的灵敏度，2020年7月14日至8月17日期间，将13吨 （八水合硫酸钆）溶解入探测器原本超纯的水中，标志着SK-Gd运行阶段的开始。装载期间，水以60 m/h的速率持续再循环，从探测器顶部抽水并与浓缩的 溶液混合，形成0.02%的钆化合物溶液后注入探测器底部。装载过程中维持了含钆水与纯水之间的清晰界面，使得能够监测装载本身以及钆浓度在历时35天到达探测器顶部过程中的空间均匀性。随后的调试中将再循环速率提升至120 m/h，实现了钆在探测器内恒定且均匀的分布，且水透明度与此前纯水运行期相当。使用Am-Be中子校准源测得平均中子俘获时间为 s，对应于 ppm的钆浓度，与此次钆装载水平预期相符。本文描述了为该探测器升级所做的水循环系统改动、钆装载流程、探测器调试，以及SK-Gd中的首次中子校准测量。
引用
@article{arxiv.2109.00360,
title = {First Gadolinium Loading to Super-Kamiokande},
author = {K. Abe and C. Bronner and Y. Hayato and K. Hiraide and M. Ikeda and S. Imaizumi and J. Kameda and Y. Kanemura and Y. Kataoka and S. Miki and M. Miura and S. Moriyama and Y. Nagao and M. Nakahata and S. Nakayama and T. Okada and K. Okamoto and A. Orii and G. Pronost and H. Sekiya and M. Shiozawa and Y. Sonoda and Y. Suzuki and A. Takeda and Y. Takemoto and A. Takenaka and H. Tanaka and S. Watanabe and T. Yano and S. Han and T. Kajita and K. Okumura and T. Tashiro and J. Xia and G. D. Megias and D. Bravo-Berguno and L. Labarga and Ll. Marti and B. Zaldivar and B. W. Pointon and F. d. M. Blaszczyk and E. Kearns and J. L. Raaf and J. L. Stone and L. Wan and T. Wester and J. Bian and N. J. Griskevich and W. R. Kropp and S. Locke and S. Mine and M. B. Smy and H. W. Sobel and V. Takhistov and J. Hill and J. Y. Kim and I. T. Lim and R. G. Park and B. Bodur and K. Scholberg and C. W. Walter and L. Bernard and A. Coffani and O. Drapier and S. El Hedri and A. Giampaolo and M. Gonin and Th. A. Mueller and P. Paganini and B. Quilain and T. Ishizuka and T. Nakamura and J. S. Jang and J. G. Learned and L. H. V. Anthony and D. Martin and M. Scott and A. A. Sztuc and Y. Uchida and S. Cao and V. Berardi and M. G. Catanesi and E. Radicioni and N. F. Calabria and L. N. Machado and G. De Rosa and G. Collazuol and F. Iacob and M. Lamoureux and M. Mattiazzi and N. Ospina and L. Ludovici and Y. Maekawa and Y. Nishimura and M. Friend and T. Hasegawa and T. Ishida and T. Kobayashi and M. Jakkapu and T. Matsubara and T. Nakadaira and K. Nakamura and Y. Oyama and K. Sakashita and T. Sekiguchi and T. Tsukamoto and T. Boschi and J. Gao and F. Di Lodovico and J. Migenda and M. Taani and S. Zsoldos and Y. Kotsar and Y. Nakano and H. Ozaki and T. Shiozawa and A. T. Suzuki and Y. Takeuchi and S. Yamamoto and A. Ali and Y. Ashida and J. Feng and S. Hirota and T. Kikawa and M. Mori and T. Nakaya and R. A. Wendell and K. Yasutome and P. Fernandez and N. McCauley and P. Mehta and K. M. Tsui and Y. Fukuda and Y. Itow and H. Menjo and T. Niwa and K. Sato and M. Tsukada and J. Lagoda and S. M. Lakshmi and P. Mijakowski and J. Zalipska and J. Jiang and C. K. Jung and C. Vilela and M. J. Wilking and C. Yanagisawa and K. Hagiwara and M. Harada and T. Horai and H. Ishino and S. Ito and F. Kitagawa and Y. Koshio and W. Ma and N. Piplani and S. Sakai and G. Barr and D. Barrow and L. Cook and A. Goldsack and S. Samani and D. Wark and F. Nova and J. Y. Yang and S. J. Jenkins and M. Malek and J. M. McElwee and O. Stone and M. D. Thiesse and L. F. Thompson and H. Okazawa and S. B. Kim and J. W. Seo and I. Yu and A. K. Ichikawa and K. Nakamura and K. Nishijima and M. Koshiba and K. Iwamoto and Y. Nakajima and N. Ogawa and M. Yokoyama and K. Martens and M. R. Vagins and M. Kuze and S. Izumiyama and T. Yoshida and M. Inomoto and M. Ishitsuka and H. Ito and T. Kinoshita and R. Matsumoto and K. Ohta and M. Shinoki and T. Suganuma and J. F. Martin and H. A. Tanaka and T. Towstego and R. Akutsu and M. Hartz and A. Konaka and P. de Perio and N. W. Prouse and S. Chen and B. D. Xu and M. Posiadala-Zezula and D. Hadley and M. O'Flaherty and B. Richards and B. Jamieson and J. Walker and A. Minamino and K. Okamoto and G. Pintaudi and S. Sano and R. Sasaki},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.00360},
year = {2022}
}
备注
37 pages, 19 Figures, Accepted for publication in Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A