Related papers: Photon: history, mass, charge
Vector Schwinger model with a mass term for the photon, describing 2D electrodyn amics with massless fermions, studied by us recently, represents a new class of models. This theory becomes gauge-invariant when studied on the light-front.…
The early history of neutrino masses, mixing and oscillations is briefly reviewed.
It is believed that there may have been a large number of black holes formed in the very early universe. These would have quantised masses. A charged ``elementary black hole'' (with the minimum possible mass) can capture electrons, protons…
We review theoretical ideas, problems and implications of neutrino masses and mixing angles. We give a general discussion of schemes with three light neutrinos. Several specific examples are analyzed in some detail, particularly those that…
Photons have been a flagship system for studying quantum mechanics, advancing quantum information science, and developing quantum technologies. Quantum entanglement, teleportation, quantum key distribution and early quantum computing…
The physical nature of the photon mixing and photon echo processes is discussed on the basis of inequality of the forward and backward optical transitions.
Photons deliver their energy and momentum to a point on a material target. It is commonplace to attribute this to particle impact. But since the inflight photon also has a wave nature, we are stuck with the paradox of wave and particle…
The quark-lepton mass problem and the ideas of mass protection are reviewed. The hierarchy problem and suggestions for its resolution, including Little Higgs models, are discussed. The Multiple Point Principle is introduced and used within…
The topological charge of a photonic vortex is an essential quantity in singular optics and the critical parameter to characterize the vorticity of twisted light. However, the definition of the photonic topological charge remains elusive.…
We review theoretical ideas, problems and implications of neutrino masses and mixing angles. We give a general discussion of schemes with three light neutrinos. Several specific examples are analyzed in some detail, particularly those that…
We review the case for the photon having a tiny mass compatible with the experimental limits. We go over some possible experimental tests for such a photon mass including the violation of Lorentz symmetry. We point out that such violations…
A method for describing charged relativistic Fermi fields is proposed, in which particles of opposite charges are treated equally and states with negative energy are excluded. The concept of charge quantum number is introduced. Fields of…
If photons had a small electric charge $Q_\gamma$ their path in the galactic magnetic field would be curved, leading to a time delay between photons of different frequency from a distant source. Cocconi's previous application of this…
The purpose of this Introduction, presented at PHOTON2007, is to provide an overview of the basic principles, possible parameters, some technical aspects and the physics program of the photon collider and discuss its status within the ILC…
We review the literature on possible violations of the superposition principle for electromagnetic fields in vacuum from the earliest studies until the emergence of renormalized QED at the end of the 1940's. The exposition covers…
Topological photonics seeks to control the behaviour of the light through the design of protected topological modes in photonic structures. While this approach originated from studying the behaviour of electrons in solid-state materials, it…
This article summarizes the possible roles of neutrinos in cosmology, from the first three minutes onward. The fact that primordial neutrinos are about as numerous as the photons of the cosmological background radiation means that neutrino…
How many bits of information can a single photon carry? Intuition says "one", but this is incorrect. With an alphabet based on the photon's time of arrival, energy, and polarization, several bits can be encoded. In this introduction to…
If a photon fluctuates from 'nothing', what would it look like and how would it behave? Here we examine such a photon and the possible characteristics and effects it may have. If contrary to theoretical expectation, it is not short-lived,…
We show that the standard method of introducing the quantum description of the electromagnetic field -- by canonical field quantization -- is not the only one. We have chosen here the relativistic quantum mechanics of the photon as the…