Related papers: Photon: history, mass, charge
The early stages of the universe evolution are discussed according to the hot big bang model and the grand unified theories. The shortcomings of big bang are summarized and their resolution by inflationary cosmology is sketched.…
While quantum mechanics precludes the perfect knowledge of so-called "conjugate" variables, such as time and frequency, we discuss the importance of compromising to retain a fair knowledge of their combined values. In the case of light, we…
Different theoretical and experimental aspects of electromagnetic phenomena in media is reviewed. The 100 year old Minkowski theory is in agreement with most experiments, but has theoretical problems related to its implied validity in all…
I present a simple view of nonlinear optcal phenomena as being determined mostly by the length of interaction time between photons and matter. This may explain why in the last decades the progress in developing better nonlinear materials…
Modern attempts to understand light go back to Newton who considered light to be particles, the so called corpuscular theory, and the other school of Huygens, Young and others. Huygens and Young viewpoint emphasised the wave property. This…
We describe how cosmology has converged towards a beautiful model of the Universe: the Big Bang Universe. We praise this model, but show there is a dark side to it. This dark side is usually called ``the cosmological problems'': a set of…
The luminosity distribution in the effective $\gamma\gamma$ mass at photon collider has usually two peaks which are well separated: high energy peak with mean energy spread 5-7% and wide low energy peak.The low energy peak depends strongly…
Present data on the partonic content of the photon are reviewed. The results on the unpolarized structure functions from DIS experiments and on large pt jet production processes in gamma-gamma and gamma-p collisions are discussed for both…
Quantum mechanics does not provide a clear answer to the question: What was the past of a photon which went through an interferometer? Various welcher weg measurements, delayed-choice which-path experiments and weak-measurements of photons…
Processes with creation of a pair charged particles with emission of hard photon and two pairs of charged particles are considered for colliding partially polarized photon photon beams. The effects of circular and linear polarization of the…
Atomic nuclei lie at the core of everything visible; and at the first level of approximation, their atomic weights are simply the sum of the masses of all the neutrons and protons (nucleons) they contain. Each nucleon has a mass $m_N…
The measurement problem is approached from a mechanical aspect, utilizing schematics to better assist in visualizing the boundary and the interplay between the quantum and classical worlds. This approach graphically illustrates what happens…
We present a complete set of transverse momentum dependent and collinear parton densities including the photon over a wide phase space. The photon density appears when evolving parton distributions with QED corrections. The photons are…
Since the beginning of the efforts to produce and understand quark matter large changes developed in the ideas of description of this matter. In the present paper we summarize some aspects of this development.
The high energy physics advantages, disadvantages and luminosity requirements of hadrons, of leptons and photon-photon colliders are considered. Technical arguments for increased energy in each type of machine are presented. Their relative…
We describe an apparent puzzle in classical electrodynamics and its resolution. It is concerned with the Lorentz invariance of the classical analog of the number of photons.
Over the past three years we have determined the basic features of the Universe -- spatially flat; accelerating; comprised of 1/3 a new form of matter, 2/3 a new form of energy, with some ordinary matter and a dash of massive neutrinos; and…
Each of electrically charged particles testifies in favor of the existence of a kind of the magnetically charged monoparticle. As a consequence, only the corresponding mononeutrinos answer for quantization of the electric charges of all…
We discuss a model with stable topological solitons in Minkowski space with only three degrees of freedom, the rotational angles of a spatial Dreibein. This model has four types of solitons differing in two topological quantum numbers which…
This is the first expression of my thoughts and my experiments with Nature about the mathematical description of the Universe. The theories about our surrounding Nature became popular from our ancient civilizations and may be from the…