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Neural Audio Codecs, initially designed as a compression technique, have gained more attention recently for speech generation. Codec models represent each audio frame as a sequence of tokens, i.e., discrete embeddings. The discrete and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-31 Alexander H. Liu , Qirui Wang , Yuan Gong , James Glass

Generative models have thrived in computer vision, enabling unprecedented image processes. Yet the results in audio remain less advanced. Our project targets real-time sound synthesis from a reduced set of high-level parameters, including…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Adrien Bitton , Philippe Esling , Antoine Caillon , Martin Fouilleul

Autoregressive models are widely used for tasks such as image and audio generation. The sampling process of these models, however, does not allow interruptions and cannot adapt to real-time computational resources. This challenge impedes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Yilun Xu , Yang Song , Sahaj Garg , Linyuan Gong , Rui Shu , Aditya Grover , Stefano Ermon

In this paper, we propose and investigate the use of neural audio codec language models for the automatic generation of sample-based musical instruments based on text or reference audio prompts. Our approach extends a generative audio…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-23 Shahan Nercessian , Johannes Imort , Ninon Devis , Frederik Blang

Recently, multi-instrument music generation has become a hot topic. Different from single-instrument generation, multi-instrument generation needs to consider inter-track harmony besides intra-track coherence. This is usually achieved by…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Xipin Wei , Junhui Chen , Zirui Zheng , Li Guo , Lantian Li , Dong Wang

Neural end-to-end TTS can generate very high-quality synthesized speech, and even close to human recording within similar domain text. However, it performs unsatisfactory when scaling it to challenging test sets. One concern is that the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-07-23 Yibin Zheng , Xi Wang , Lei He , Shifeng Pan , Frank K. Soong , Zhengqi Wen , Jianhua Tao

Vocoders are models capable of transforming a low-dimensional spectral representation of an audio signal, typically the mel spectrogram, to a waveform. Modern speech generation pipelines use a vocoder as their final component. Recent…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-08-29 Bruno Di Giorgi , Mark Levy , Richard Sharp

Many music AI models learn a map between music content and human-defined labels. However, many annotations, such as chords, can be naturally expressed within the music modality itself, e.g., as sequences of symbolic notes. This observation…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Junyan Jiang , Daniel Chin , Liwei Lin , Xuanjie Liu , Gus Xia

Visual tokenization via auto-encoding empowers state-of-the-art image and video generative models by compressing pixels into a latent space. Although scaling Transformer-based generators has been central to recent advances, the tokenizer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Philippe Hansen-Estruch , David Yan , Ching-Yao Chung , Orr Zohar , Jialiang Wang , Tingbo Hou , Tao Xu , Sriram Vishwanath , Peter Vajda , Xinlei Chen

Text-to-audio (TTA) model is capable of generating diverse audio from textual prompts. However, most mainstream TTA models, which predominantly rely on Mel-spectrograms, still face challenges in producing audio with rich content. The…

Tokenizing music to fit the general framework of language models is a compelling challenge, especially considering the diverse symbolic structures in which music can be represented (e.g., sequences, grids, and graphs). To date, most…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Lekai Qian , Haoyu Gu , Jingwei Zhao , Ziyu Wang

Graphs can be leveraged to model polyphonic multitrack symbolic music, where notes, chords and entire sections may be linked at different levels of the musical hierarchy by tonal and rhythmic relationships. Nonetheless, there is a lack of…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Emanuele Cosenza , Andrea Valenti , Davide Bacciu

Conditional music generation offers significant advantages in terms of user convenience and control, presenting great potential in AI-generated content research. However, building conditional generative systems for multitrack popular songs…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Jing Luo , Xinyu Yang , Dorien Herremans

When used with deep learning, the symbolic music modality is often coupled with language model architectures. To do so, the music needs to be tokenized, i.e. converted into a sequence of discrete tokens. This can be achieved by different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Nathan Fradet , Nicolas Gutowski , Fabien Chhel , Jean-Pierre Briot

This paper presents methods of making using of text supervision to improve the performance of sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) voice conversion. Compared with conventional frame-to-frame voice conversion approaches, the seq2seq acoustic…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-01-14 Jing-Xuan Zhang , Zhen-Hua Ling , Yuan Jiang , Li-Juan Liu , Chen Liang , Li-Rong Dai

In language modeling based music generation, a generated waveform is represented by a sequence of hierarchical token stacks that can be decoded either in an auto-regressive manner or in parallel, depending on the codebook patterns. In…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-19 Gael Le Lan , Varun Nagaraja , Ernie Chang , David Kant , Zhaoheng Ni , Yangyang Shi , Forrest Iandola , Vikas Chandra

The development of unified multimodal large language models (MLLMs) is fundamentally challenged by the granularity gap between visual understanding and generation: understanding requires high-level semantic abstractions, while image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yan Li , Ning Liao , Xiangyu Zhao , Shaofeng Zhang , Xiaoxing Wang , Yifan Yang , Junchi Yan , Xue Yang

Videos are inherently temporal sequences by their very nature. In this work, we explore the potential of modeling videos in a chronological and scalable manner with autoregressive (AR) language models, inspired by their success in natural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yizhuo Li , Yuying Ge , Yixiao Ge , Ying Shan , Ping Luo

Diffusion-based audio and music generation models commonly perform generation by constructing an image representation of audio (e.g., a mel-spectrogram) and then convert it to audio using a phase reconstruction model or vocoder. Typical…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Ge Zhu , Juan-Pablo Caceres , Zhiyao Duan , Nicholas J. Bryan

We present a hybrid neural network and rule-based system that generates pop music. Music produced by pure rule-based systems often sounds mechanical. Music produced by machine learning sounds better, but still lacks hierarchical temporal…

Sound · Computer Science 2017-10-09 Yifei Teng , An Zhao , Camille Goudeseune