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For web agents to be practically useful, they must adapt to the continuously evolving web environment characterized by frequent updates to user interfaces and content. However, most existing benchmarks only capture the static aspects of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Yichen Pan , Dehan Kong , Sida Zhou , Cheng Cui , Yifei Leng , Bing Jiang , Hangyu Liu , Yanyi Shang , Shuyan Zhou , Tongshuang Wu , Zhengyang Wu

The development of native computer-use agents (CUA) represents a significant leap in multimodal AI. However, their potential is currently bottlenecked by the constraints of static data scaling. Existing paradigms relying primarily on…

Advancements in multimodal foundation models have enabled the development of Computer Use Agents (CUAs) capable of autonomously interacting with GUI environments. As CUAs are not restricted to certain tools, they allow to automate more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Dominik Seip , Matthias Hein

GUI agents that control desktop computers via screenshot-and-click loops introduce a new class of vulnerability: the observation-to-action gap (mean 6.51 s on real OSWorld workloads) creates a Time-Of-Check, Time-Of-Use (TOCTOU) window…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Wenpeng Xu

To close the gap between LLM-based agents and humans in planning and reasoning, agents need large-scale, diverse environments for continuous learning -- yet building such environments is itself prohibitively expensive. We present C-World,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ziqiao Xi , Shuang Liang , Qi Liu , Jiaqing Zhang , Letian Peng , Fang Nan , Meshal Nayim , Tianhui Zhang , Rishika Mundada , Lianhui Qin , Biwei Huang , Kun Zhou

Existing benchmarks do not test language agents on their interaction with human users or ability to follow domain-specific rules, both of which are vital for deploying them in real world applications. We propose $\tau$-bench, a benchmark…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Shunyu Yao , Noah Shinn , Pedram Razavi , Karthik Narasimhan

Despite the potential of language model-based agents to solve real-world tasks such as web navigation, current methods still struggle with long-horizon tasks with complex action trajectories. In contrast, humans can flexibly solve complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Zora Zhiruo Wang , Jiayuan Mao , Daniel Fried , Graham Neubig

Computer Use Agents (CUAs) fundamentally rely on graphical user interface (GUI) grounding to translate language instructions into executable screen actions, but editing-level grounding in dense coding interfaces (such as VS Code and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Himangi Mittal , Gaurav Mittal , Nelson Daniel Troncoso , Yu Hu

Maintaining reliable UI test suites in large-scale enterprise applications is a persistent and costly challenge. We present an industrial case study of a multi-agent autonomous testing system evaluated using anonymized execution data from a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Hyukjoo Lee

Interactive agent benchmarks map an agent run to a binary outcome through outcome checks. When these checks rely on surface level signals or fail to capture the agent's actual action path, they cannot reliably determine whether the run…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Shanshan Gao , Liyi Zhou

Benchmarks are paramount for gauging progress in the domain of Mobile GUI Agents. In practical scenarios, users frequently fail to articulate precise directives containing full task details at the onset, and their expressions are typically…

For decades, human-computer interaction has fundamentally been manual. Even today, almost all productive work done on the computer necessitates human input at every step. Autonomous virtual agents represent an exciting step in automating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Raghav Kapoor , Yash Parag Butala , Melisa Russak , Jing Yu Koh , Kiran Kamble , Waseem Alshikh , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

We introduce WebGames, a comprehensive benchmark suite designed to evaluate general-purpose web-browsing AI agents through a collection of 50+ interactive challenges. These challenges are specifically crafted to be straightforward for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 George Thomas , Alex J. Chan , Jikun Kang , Wenqi Wu , Filippos Christianos , Fraser Greenlee , Andy Toulis , Marvin Purtorab

LLM-powered agents are both a promising new technology and a source of complexity, where choices about models, tools, and prompting can affect their usefulness. While numerous benchmarks measure agent accuracy across domains, they mostly…

Autonomous graphical user interface (GUI) agents aim to facilitate task automation by interacting with the user interface without manual intervention. Recent studies have investigated eliciting the capabilities of large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Zhuosheng Zhang , Aston Zhang

Autonomous GUI agents face two fundamental challenges: early stopping, where agents prematurely declare success without verifiable evidence, and repetitive loops, where agents cycle through the same failing actions without recovery. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Qijun Han , Haoqin Tu , Zijun Wang , Haoyue Dai , Yiyang Zhou , Nancy Lau , Alvaro A. Cardenas , Yuhui Xu , Ran Xu , Caiming Xiong , Zeyu Zheng , Huaxiu Yao , Yuyin Zhou , Cihang Xie

Mobile GUI agents powered by large language models have progressed rapidly, creating urgent needs for realistic and comprehensive evaluation. Existing benchmarks prioritize reproducibility but are often limited to open-source apps or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Guohong Liu , Jialei Ye , Pengzhi Gao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Yunxin Liu , Yuanchun Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) based autonomous agents demonstrate multifaceted capabilities to contribute substantially to economic production. However, existing benchmarks remain focused on single agentic capability, failing to capture…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Keyu Li , Junhao Shi , Yang Xiao , Mohan Jiang , Jie Sun , Yunze Wu , Dayuan Fu , Shijie Xia , Xiaojie Cai , Tianze Xu , Weiye Si , Wenjie Li , Dequan Wang , Pengfei Liu

AI systems have become increasingly capable of dangerous behaviours in many domains. This raises the question: Do models sometimes choose to violate human instructions in order to perform behaviour that is more useful for certain goals? We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jonas Wiedermann-Möller , Leonard Dung , Maksym Andriushchenko

Control evaluations measure whether monitoring and security protocols for AI systems prevent intentionally subversive AI models from causing harm. Our work presents the first control evaluation performed in an agent environment. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Aryan Bhatt , Cody Rushing , Adam Kaufman , Tyler Tracy , Vasil Georgiev , David Matolcsi , Akbir Khan , Buck Shlegeris
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