English

C-World: A Computer Use Agent Environment Creator

Artificial Intelligence 2026-04-21 v2

Abstract

To close the gap between LLM-based agents and humans in planning and reasoning, agents need large-scale, diverse environments for continuous learning -- yet building such environments is itself prohibitively expensive. We present C-World, an environment creation system that enables users to build agent environments on demand. We define a complete agent environment through four components: an Action Space of 5,571 format-unified tools across 204 common applications, a Task Distribution engine that synthesizes long-horizon workflows with wild constraints, a Transition Function implemented as a state controller that injects realistic failures and perturbations, and a Reward Signal combining verifiable metrics with LLM-based judgment. C-World operates in two modes: a realistic mode grounded in live API execution, and a synthesized mode powered by the World Engine, which approximates tool behavior without live service access, enabling scalable environment creation -- including environments for domains and tools that do not yet exist in the real world. Evaluation of nine state-of-the-art LLMs reveals that planning ability is uniformly strong but execution remains the bottleneck, and that constraint following -- not tool invocation -- is the dominant failure mode. The World Engine achieves Spearman ρ=0.883\rho = 0.883 ranking correlation with real execution, and fine-tuning on just 1,170 C-World trajectories outperforms baselines trained on 119k samples, demonstrating C-World's dual value as a rigorous evaluation environment and a scalable data engine. Our code and data are available at https://ziqiao-git.github.io/C-World/

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2601.06328,
  title  = {C-World: A Computer Use Agent Environment Creator},
  author = {Ziqiao Xi and Shuang Liang and Qi Liu and Jiaqing Zhang and Letian Peng and Fang Nan and Meshal Nayim and Tianhui Zhang and Rishika Mundada and Lianhui Qin and Biwei Huang and Kun Zhou},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.06328},
  year   = {2026}
}

Comments

Submitted to ACL 2026 12 pages, 4 figures Ziqiao Xi and Shuang Liang contributed equally to this work

R2 v1 2026-07-01T08:58:34.859Z