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Tool-augmented Large Language Model (LLM) agents have demonstrated impressive capabilities in automating complex, multi-step real-world tasks, yet remain vulnerable to indirect prompt injection. Adversaries exploit this weakness by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wei Zhao , Zhe Li , Peixin Zhang , Jun Sun

Search augmentation empowers Large Language Models with retrieval capabilities to overcome the limitations imposed by static parameters. Recently, Reinforcement Learning leverages tailored reward signals as a viable technique to enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Linyue Ma , Yilong Xu , Xiang Long , Zhi Zheng

Procedural Content Generation via Reinforcement Learning (PCGRL) offers a method for training controllable level designer agents without the need for human datasets, using metrics that serve as proxies for level quality as rewards. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Sam Earle , Zehua Jiang , Eugene Vinitsky , Julian Togelius

With increasing interest in procedural content generation by academia and game developers alike, it is vital that different approaches can be compared fairly. However, evaluating procedurally generated video game levels is often difficult,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Michael Beukman , Steven James , Christopher Cleghorn

Game theory provides an effective way to model strategic interactions among rational agents. In the context of formal verification, these ideas can be used to produce guarantees on the correctness of multi-agent systems, with a diverse…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Gabriel Santos

Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise in generating firmware for embedded systems, but often introduce security flaws and fail to meet real-time performance constraints. This paper proposes a three-phase methodology that combines…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Seyed Moein Abtahi , Akramul Azim

Skills are a promising way to improve LLM agent capabilities without retraining, while keeping the added procedure reusable and controllable. However, high-quality skills are still largely written by hand. We introduce SkillGen, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Yuchen Ma , Yue Huang , Han Bao , Haomin Zhuang , Swadheen Shukla , Michel Galley , Xiangliang Zhang , Stefan Feuerriegel

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced automated test generation, yet existing methods often rely on ground-truth code for verification, risking bug propagation and limiting applicability in test-driven development. We…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Hamed Taherkhani , Alireza DaghighFarsoodeh , Mohammad Chowdhury , Hung Viet Pham , Hadi Hemmati

The rapid adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) in interactive systems has enabled the creation of dynamic, open-ended Role-Playing Agents (RPAs). However, evaluating these agents remains a significant challenge, as standard NLP metrics…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Riccardo Rosati , Edoardo Colucci , Massimiliano Bolognini , Adriano Mancini , Paolo Sernani

Most games have, or can be generalised to have, a number of parameters that may be varied in order to provide instances of games that lead to very different player experiences. The space of possible parameter settings can be seen as a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-03-21 Jialin Liu , Julian Togelius , Diego Perez-Liebana , Simon M. Lucas

While AI excels at generating text, audio, images, and videos, creating interactive audio-visual content such as video games remains challenging. Current LLMs can generate JavaScript games and animations, but lack automated evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Alexia Jolicoeur-Martineau

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly rely on reinforcement learning (RL) to enhance their reasoning capabilities through feedback. A critical challenge is verifying the consistency of model-generated responses and reference answers,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xuzhao Li , Xuchen Li , Shiyu Hu , Yongzhen Guo , Wentao Zhang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) enable compelling story generation, but connecting narrative text to playable visual environments remains an open challenge in procedural content generation (PCG). We present a lightweight…

Graphics · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Yi-Chun Chen , Arnav Jhala

In this work, we explore uncertainty estimation as a proxy for correctness in LLM-generated code. To this end, we adapt two state-of-the-art techniques from natural language generation -- one based on entropy and another on mutual…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Arindam Sharma , Cristina David

Recently, using Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate optimization models from natural language descriptions has became increasingly popular. However, a major open question is how to validate that the generated models are correct and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Alexander Zadorojniy , Segev Wasserkrug , Eitan Farchi

Static verification is a powerful method for enhancing software quality, but it demands significant human labor and resources. This is particularly true of static verifiers that reason about heap manipulating programs using an ownership…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Wen Fan , Marilyn Rego , Xin Hu , Sanya Dod , Zhaorui Ni , Danning Xie , Jenna DiVincenzo , Lin Tan

Generative AI has transformed the fields of Design and Manufacturing by providing efficient and automated methods for generating and modifying 3D objects. One approach involves using Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate Computer- Aided…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Kamel Alrashedy , Pradyumna Tambwekar , Zulfiqar Zaidi , Megan Langwasser , Wei Xu , Matthew Gombolay

Formal specifications play a central role in ensuring software reliability and correctness. However, automatically synthesizing high-quality formal specifications remains a challenging task, often requiring domain expertise. Recent work has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Md Rakib Hossain Misu , Iris Ma , Cristina V. Lopes

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate requirements specifications, design documents, code, and test cases. In contrast, much less attention has been given to a more difficult assurance problem: statically verifying…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhi Quan Zhou , Dave Towey , Tsong Yueh Chen

LLM-based RTL generation is an interesting research direction, as it holds the potential to liberate the least automated stage in the current chip design. However, due to the substantial semantic gap between high-level specifications and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Jianan Mu , Mingyu Shi , Yining Wang , Tianmeng Yang , Bin Sun , Xing Hu , Jing Ye , Huawei Li