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We focus on the problem of \emph{Answer-Level Fine-Tuning} (ALFT), where the goal is to optimize a language model based on the correctness or properties of its final answers, rather than the specific reasoning traces used to produce them.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Mehryar Mohri , Jon Schneider , Yifan Wu

Aligning large language models (LLMs) to serve users with heterogeneous and potentially conflicting preferences is a central challenge for personalized and trustworthy AI. We formalize an ideal notion of universal alignment through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Yang Cai , Weiqiang Zheng

We analyze independent policy-gradient (PG) learning in $N$-player linear-quadratic (LQ) stochastic differential games. Each player employs a distributed policy that depends only on its own state and updates the policy independently using…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-19 Philipp Plank , Yufei Zhang

Existing alignment methods directly use the reward model learned from user preference data to optimize an LLM policy, subject to KL regularization with respect to the base policy. This practice is suboptimal for maximizing user's utility…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Haichuan Wang , Tao Lin , Lingkai Kong , Ce Li , Hezi Jiang , Milind Tambe

We propose a novel algorithmic framework for distributional reinforcement learning, based on learning finite-dimensional mean embeddings of return distributions. We derive several new algorithms for dynamic programming and…

In decision-dependent games, multiple players optimize their decisions under a data distribution that shifts with their joint actions, creating complex dynamics in applications like market pricing. A practical consequence of these dynamics…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Guangzheng Zhong , Yang Liu , Jiming Liu

We design and analyze minimax-optimal algorithms for online linear optimization games where the player's choice is unconstrained. The player strives to minimize regret, the difference between his loss and the loss of a post-hoc benchmark…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-02-12 H. Brendan McMahan

In this work we continue to build upon recent advances in reinforcement learning for finite Markov processes. A common approach among previous existing algorithms, both single-actor and distributed, is to either clip rewards or to apply a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Björn Lindenberg , Jonas Nordqvist , Karl-Olof Lindahl

Distributional reinforcement learning algorithms have attempted to utilize estimated uncertainty for exploration, such as optimism in the face of uncertainty. However, using the estimated variance for optimistic exploration may cause biased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Taehyun Cho , Seungyub Han , Heesoo Lee , Kyungjae Lee , Jungwoo Lee

We present a general framework for solving a large class of learning problems with non-linear functions of classification rates. This includes problems where one wishes to optimize a non-decomposable performance metric such as the F-measure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Harikrishna Narasimhan , Andrew Cotter , Maya Gupta

The literature on game-theoretic equilibrium finding predominantly focuses on single games or their repeated play. Nevertheless, numerous real-world scenarios feature playing a game sampled from a distribution of similar, but not identical…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-21 David Sychrovský , Michal Šustr , Elnaz Davoodi , Michael Bowling , Marc Lanctot , Martin Schmid

Deterministic game-solving algorithms are conventionally analyzed in the light of their average-case complexity against a distribution of random game-trees, where leaf values are independently sampled from a fixed distribution. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Raphaël Boige , Amine Boumaza , Bruno Scherrer

In reinforcement learning (RL), aligning agent behavior with specific objectives typically requires careful design of the reward function, which can be challenging when the desired objectives are complex. In this work, we propose an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Yuting Tang , Yivan Zhang , Johannes Ackermann , Yu-Jie Zhang , Soichiro Nishimori , Masashi Sugiyama

The success of adversarial formulations in machine learning has brought renewed motivation for smooth games. In this work, we focus on the class of stochastic Hamiltonian methods and provide the first convergence guarantees for certain…

We propose a simple variant of the generalized Frank-Wolfe method for solving strongly convex composite optimization problems, by introducing an additional averaging step on the dual variables. We show that in this variant, one can choose a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-27 Renbo Zhao , Qiuyun Zhu

We study generalized games with full row rank equality constraints and we provide a strikingly simple proof of strong monotonicity of the associated KKT operator. This allows us to show linear convergence to a variational equilibrium of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-20 Mattia Bianchi , Emilio Benenati , Sergio Grammatico

Self-play post-training methods has emerged as an effective approach for finetuning large language models and turn the weak language model into strong language model without preference data. However, the theoretical foundations for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Shangzhe Li , Xuchao Zhang , Chetan Bansal , Weitong Zhang

We present a distributional approach to theoretical analyses of reinforcement learning algorithms for constant step-sizes. We demonstrate its effectiveness by presenting simple and unified proofs of convergence for a variety of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-30 Philip Amortila , Doina Precup , Prakash Panangaden , Marc G. Bellemare

In this paper, we provide a generalization of the forward-backward splitting algorithm for minimizing the sum of a proper convex lower semicontinuous function and a differentiable convex function whose gradient satisfies a locally…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-06-29 Luis M. Briceno-Arias , Francisco José Silva , Xianjin Yang

This paper presents a general mean-field game (GMFG) framework for simultaneous learning and decision-making in stochastic games with a large population. It first establishes the existence of a unique Nash Equilibrium to this GMFG, and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-12 Xin Guo , Anran Hu , Renyuan Xu , Junzi Zhang
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